The weight of the coarse aggregate is 1247.63 kg/m³
How to calculate the weight?Fineness modulus = 2.4
Bulk unit weight = 118 = 1890.63 kg/m3
Slump = 3inches = 76mm
Assume a 20mm maximum size of aggregate and non-air-entrained concrete, the approximate requirements for mixing water and air content for different workabilities and nominal maximum size of aggregate is illustrated.
The slump of 76mm, 20mm size of aggregate, water content is 200 kg/m3³.
The required cement content arrow = 200/0.5
= 400 kg/m³
Now, the dry bulk volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete. The value for 20mm aggregate, fineness modulus is 2.4, a bulk volume of dry rodded coarse aggregate is 0.66
Therefore, the weight of coarse aggregate will be:
= 0.66 x 1890.36
= 1247.63 kg/m³
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a microphone produces a voltage of 2mv and has an internal resistance of 300 ohm. the microphone is connected to an amplifier with an input impedance of 1k-ohm, an output impedance of 50 ohm, and a voltage gain of 50db. the amplifier output is connected to a 75 ohm load. what is the output voltage?
If the microphone produces a voltage of 2mv and has an internal resistance of 300 ohm, the amplifier output voltage would be 75mv.
What is voltage?
Voltage is the difference in electric potential between two points, often known as electric pressure, electric tension, or (electric) potential difference. It refers to the labour required per unit of charge to move a test charge between two places in a static electric field. The derived unit for voltage in the International System of Units is called volt. Work per unit charge is defined in SI units as joules per coulomb, where 1 volt equals 1 joule (of work) for 1 coulomb (of charge).
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two technicians are discussing non-indicator-type ball joint inspection. technician a says that the vehicle should be on the ground with the ball joints loaded, then checked for freeplay. technician b says that the ball joints should be unloaded before checking for freeplay. which technician is correct?
Technician B is correct. Before testing for free play, the ball joints should be unloaded.
How do you know if your ball joints are failing?A vibration in the steering wheel while driving down a level, straight road, or your vehicle drifting to the right or left when going over bumps, are both signs of ball joint wear. Tires Uneven tire wear could indicate that your ball joints are failing. Your front suspension's ball joints pivot between the steering knuckles and control arms to provide a safe, smooth ride and precise control of your vehicle. A worn ball joint will have a negative impact on your steering and suspension. If the ball joint completely fails, the steering and suspension may partially collapse, causing the wheel and tire to move outward from the vehicle.To Learn more About ball joints, Refer:
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consider that one diode in the bridge rectifier fails shorted. explain how the normal circuit operation changes. does some element overload? does the output change? g
Diodes in rotating rectifiers may fail due to an Open Circuit (OC) or Short Circuit (SC), overloading the exciter and preventing the alternator from running safely. Overheating will cause damage to the Xmer or AC source delivering power to the bridge rectifier.
What happens when a diode shorts in a bridge rectifier?A direct short-circuit is said to occur whenever one diode is damaged and this is detected by the available AC power supply. Now, overheating will result in a damage to the Xmer Transformer or AC source providing power to the bridge rectifier.
The same symptom occurs in the center-tapped circuit and it will be displayed by an open diode in a full-wave bridge rectifier, as shown in the attached image. During the first half of the input voltage cycle, the open diode tends to stop the current from flowing through RL. The end result would be the Half-wave rectification, and at 60 Hz, it must double the ripple voltage.
Diodes in rotating rectifiers may likely fail as result of Open Circuit (OC) or Short Circuit (SC), overloading the exciter and preventing the alternator from running safely. This is as a result of the aging phenomenon and continuous process regime.
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an ideal otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7.4 and produces a net work output of 328.1 kj/kg. at the beginning of the compression process, air is at 282 k and 193.4 kpa. calculate the mean effective pressure for the cycle in kpa. 906.53 1.35 1.96 379.37 none of the above
The compression ratio and the equation = cp/cv determine the thermal efficiency of the air-standard Otto cycle.
With a higher compression ratio, the ideal Otto cycle becomes more thermally efficient. We come to the conclusion that the thermal efficiency of the air-standard Otto cycle is a function of the compression ratio and = cp/cv after rewriting the calculation for thermal efficiency using the compression ratio. The constant volume heat addition cycle, often known as the Otto cycle, takes into account one unique instance of an internal combustion engine where the combustion is so quick that the piston does not move, leading to the assumption that combustion occurs at constant volume.
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Describe the purpose of the SPST 12 volt DC master switch
The SPST 12-volt DC master switch is used to turn on and off the power to a device.
What is device?
A device is a physical piece of hardware or software that performs one or more computational functions within a computer system. It can either offer input to the computer or accept output from it. A device is any electronic element that has some computational capability and can install firmware or third-party software. A computer mouse, speakers, printer, and microphone are examples of common hardware. A device is sometimes known as an appliance, gadget, or electronic instrument.
The purpose of the SPST 12 volt DC master switch is to provide a way to turn on and off the power to a device. This switch is typically used to control the power to a lights or other electrical devices.
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the maximum load that a hori-zontal beam can carry is directly proportional to its width. if a beam 1.5 inches wide can support a load of 250 pounds, find the load that a beam of the same type can support if its width is 3.5 inches.
The load that the same type of beam can support is 583.345 pounds if its width is 3.5 inches.
As the maximum load that can be carried by the beam is directly proportional to the width of the beam and a 1.5 inches wide beam can support a load of 250 pounds, an equation can be written as;
L = kw
Here L represents the maximum load supported and w represents the width and k is the constant of proportionality. Therefore;
250 = k × 1.5
Solving for k;
k = 250 ÷ 1.5
k = 166.67
Therefore the equation can be written as;
L = 166.67 w
As the width of the same type of beam is 3.5 inches, the maximum load it can support can be calculated as follows;
L = 166.67 × 3.5
L = 583.345 pounds
Therefore; 583.345 pounds is the maximum load that the beam can support if its width is 3.5 inches.
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sand a has a fineness modulus of 2.5 and sand b a fineness modulus of 2.95. everything else being equal, which sand will require a greater water content when used in concrete?
For lower water cement ratio high value of fineness modulus should be adopted and for higher water cement ratio low value of fineness modulus should be preferred
therefore in this situation the sand A has low fineness modulus than sand B so sand A will require more water and sand B will require less water when used in concrete.
Although fineness modulus is inversely proportional to water requirement.
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a panel of ti-6al-4v titanium has an edge flaw 3.5 mm deep. what is the critical stress for crack propagation if the part is loaded perpendicular to the flaw and y for this geometry is 1.24? answer in mpa to 3 sig figs.
The critical stress for crack propagation if the part is loaded perpendicular to the flaw and y for this geometry is 1.24 is 769.27Mpa.
What exactly is critical stress?
Critical stress is a set of physical and psychological symptoms that might occur as a result of being involved in a traumatic critical occurrence. The body's common reaction to an abnormal event is critical incident stress.
Ti-6A1-4V has edge flaw 3.5mm deep
Y = 1.24
KIc for Ti-6A1-4V alloy is 100MPa.m[tex]^{1/2}[/tex]
KIc =σ Y[tex]\sqrt{\pi C}[/tex].
given crack is edge crack, so c= 3.5 × 10⁻³
1m= 1000mm
1mm=10⁻³m
σ = [tex]\frac{100}{1.24\times\sqrt{\pi \times 3.5 \times 10^{-3} } }[/tex] = 769.27Mpa
Critical stress for crack propagation is 769.27Mpa
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when combustibles are covered with no. 24-gauge sheet metal with a 1-inch ventilated air space, the required 18-inch clearance from the rear of an appliance may be reduced to how many inches?
The required 18-inch clearance from the rear of an appliance can be decreased to 6 inches when combustibles are covered with no. 24-gauge sheet metal with such a 1-inch ventilated air space.
What do you mean by sheet metal gauge?
A sheet metal gauge specifies the typical thickness of sheet metal for a given material. The material thickness reduces as the gauge number increases. Steel sheet metal thickness gauges are weighted at 41.82 of pounds per square foot per inch of thickness. This is known as the Sheet Steel Manufacturers' Standard Gage. Other materials, such as aluminium and brass, will have varying thicknesses
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Manufacturing Plans: the detailed set of ___________________ that are needed to make or process raw materials into a completed product.
1. instructions
2. guidelines
3. directives
a 30-station transfer line has an ideal cycle time of 0.75 min, an average downtime of 6.0 min per line stop occurrence, and a station failure frequency of 0.01 for all stations. determine the current line efficiency and produc
The current line efficiency is 29.41% and production rate is 23.52pc/hr
What is efficiency?
Efficiency is the capacity to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time when performing something or getting a desired outcome. In a broader sense, it is the ability to execute things properly, successfully, and efficiently. According to Deborah Stone, efficiency is "therefore not a goal in and of itself." It is something we want not for its own sake, but because it allows us to obtain more of the things we value.
Given data is,
ideal cycle Time = 0.75 min
Failure frequency of 0.01 for all Stations.
Average downtime = 6min
a). Frequency of line stops is,
F=np (i)
Where,
n = Work Stations
P = frequency of Station breakdown
∴n=30, P=0.01
⇒ F = 30 (0.01) = 0.3
Finding coefficient of line efficiency (E):
Formula, E = Tc/Tp×100%
where, Tc= cycle time
Tp=Average production time
∴ Tp= Tc+FTd
⇒Tp = 0.75+(0.3)(6)
= 2.55min/pc
Line efficiency(E)= (0.75/2.55)×100%
E= 29.41%
Production rate(Rp):
Rp= 1/Tp
Rp= 1/2.55
=0.392 (pc/min).(min/1hr)
=0.392×60pc/hr
= 23.52pc/hr
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technician a says to bleed the conventional brake system before bleeding the abs modulator. technician b says a scan tool may be required to bleed the abs modulator. which technician is correct?
Answer:
technician B
Explanation:
your abs modulator is next to your resivor
Technician b is correct. This is right that a scan tool may be required to bleed the abs modulator.
ABS is the acronym for (Anti-locking Braking System). You have the choice of using the steering wheel while braking or turning using this method. When you push the brake pedal, the brake rotor is covered by an unlocked brake pad, giving you complete control of the car in challenging situations.
In other words, this technology uses speed sensors on each wheel to detect when the wheels lock up. When this occurs, the brakes are quickly applied and released in pulses, allowing the wheel to spin freely and prevent spilling while directing the vehicle.
The first indication that your ABS module and the entire braking system need to be bled to get rid of the extra air in the brake system is if you noticed that the brake pedal is particularly spongy or mushy. The ABS system may experience certain issues as a result or become weaker.
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technician a says that the drive side of the ring gear side is the concave side. technician b says that the coast side of the ring gear is the convex side. who is correct?
define the terms grading and maximum aggregate size, as used in concrete technology. what considerations control the choice of the maximum aggregate size of aggregate in a concrete? discuss the reasons why grading limits are specified.
Grading is the process of separating coarse aggregate from fine aggregate. The maximum aggregate size is the largest particle size that can be used in concrete.
What is grading?
Grading is the job of assuring a level or sloped base for a building work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or railway, landscape and garden enhancements, or surface drainage in civil engineering and landscape architecture construction. The earthworks produced for this reason are commonly referred to as the sub-grade or final contouring.
The choice of maximum aggregate size is determined by the following considerations: 1. The maximum aggregate size should be small enough to prevent the formation of voids in the concrete. 2. The maximum aggregate size should be large enough to allow for proper compaction of the concrete. 3. The maximum aggregate size should be such that the concrete will have the desired workability.
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an analog signal with a bandwidth of 36mhz is sampled at a frequency (fs) of 36,000,000 samples per second during the adc (analog-to-digital conversion) process. what is the outcome of the received signal after the dac (digital-to-analog conversion) process? selected answer: b. the signal will not experience aliasing answers: a. the signal will have experienced aliasing b. the signal will not experience aliasing c. the signal will perfectly represent the original pre-adc analog signal d. none of the above describes the outcome
The signal will have experienced aliasing after the dac (digital-to-analog conversion) process.
What do you mean by signal?
A signal is any time-varying voltage, current, or electromagnetic wave that transmits information in electronics and telecommunications.
Given, the bandwidth of the signal [tex]f_{m}[/tex]= 36MHz
= 36 × 10⁶ Hz
The sampling frequency f₈ = 36 × 10⁶ Hz
If the sampling frequency is equal to the signal's bandwidth, aliasing will occur.
According to the Nyquist requirements, a repeating waveform can be successfully reconstructed if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency to be recorded.
∴According to Nyquist criterion, for flawless reconstruction of an original signal, i.e. without aliasing effect;
Then, f₈ ≥ 2[tex]f_m[/tex]
So, A is the right answer.
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tech a says that variable valve timing allows the engine's piston displacement to be increased or decreased. tech b says that in-block cams usually include variable valve timing. who is correct?
Tech A a says that variable valve timing allows the engine's piston displacement to be increased or decreased.
What is engine piston?
Among other related systems, pistons are found in reciprocating engines, rotary pumps, gas compressor, hydraulic cylinders, and pneumatic cylinders. It is the moving part that is enclosed in a cylinder and sealed off from the gas by piston rings. Its function in an engine is to use a piston rod and/or connection rod to transmit force from the expanding gas within the cylinder to the crankshaft. For the goal of compressing and ejecting the fluid in the cylinder, the function is reversed in a pump, when force is transferred from of the crankshaft to the piston. By closing and opening apertures in the cylinder, the piston can also function as a valve in some engines.
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n air conditioning system operating on the reversed carnot cycle is required to transfer heat from a house at a rate of 750 kj/min to maintain its temperature at 24 c. if the outdoor air temperature is 35 c, determine the power required to operate this air conditioning system. answer: 0.463 kw. additional: if the heat rejected to the outside air is used to provide hot water, at what volume rate could hot water at 30 c be produced for domestic use? assume the initial temperature of the water is 20 c.
The power needed to run this air conditioning system is 0.466 KW. an ideal closed thermodynamic cycle that is reversible in which the working substance undergoes four isothermal expansion processes in succession.
Step 1: Information is provided
The house's heat transfer rate is 755 kJ/min (Ql).
Temperature inside the home = Th = 24°C = 24 +273 = 297 Kelvin
Temperature outside is 35 °C, which is equivalent to 35 + 273 Kelvin.
Step 2: Determine the performance coefficient of a reversed carnot air conditioner operating within the given temperature ranges.
COPr,c = ((To/Th) - 1) / 1)
COPr,c = 1 /((308/297) - 1)
COPr,c = 1/ 0.037
COPr,c = 27
Step 3: The power input can be provided as described below:
Ql / COPr,max = Wnet,in
= 755 / 27 Wnet, in
Wnet,in equals 27,963 kJ/min
Win is equal to 27.963 * 1 KW/60 kJ/min, or 0.466 KW.
The power needed to run this air conditioning system is 0.466 KW.
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4-bit synchronous counter. note that the output of a previous flip- flop, anded with the count enable line, is tied into both the j and k inputs of the next flip-flop. why is this?
4-bit synchronous - The output of a previous flip-flop is tied into both the J and K inputs of the next flip-flop because this ensures that the output of the previous flip-flop will be the same as the input to the next flip-flop. This is necessary in order to
What is 4-bit synchronous?
A 4-bit Synchronous Up Counter starts counting from 0 (0000 in binary), increases or counts up to 15, and then resets to begin a new counting cycle. This counter operates at a significantly higher frequency than an Asynchronous Counter of the same range. Additionally, there is no propagation delay inside the synchronous counter simply because all flip-flops as well as counter stages are connected to the same parallel clock source, which simultaneously triggers all counters. The external clock is delivered directly to all J-K Flip-flops in a parallel manner at the same time. If we look at the circuit, the J and K pins of the first flip-flop, which is the least important bit in the this 4-bit synchronous counter, are connected to an external Logic 1 input.
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in the construction of a large reactor pressure vessel, a new steel alloy with a plane strain fracture toughness of 50 mpa-m1/2 and a y value of 1. an in-service stress level of 150 mpa has been calculated. what is the length of a surface crack (in mm) that will lead to fracture?
The length of a surface crack that will lead to fracture is 35.29mm.
What do you mean by surface crack?
The surface crack in flexure (SCF) method employs a Knoop indentation to create a tiny semielliptical surface precrack in a bent bar. The DC Potential Drop Method can detect surface crack configuration. The crack shape can be determined with some accuracy by measuring the potential difference distribution along the surface cracks of a structural material subjected to DC current.
given, Kiс=50mpa√m
Y= 1.0
б=150mpa
find a= ? in(mm)
Formula,
Kic=Y.б√πa
where, Kic= Toughness due to fracture
б= applies stress
a= length of the crack
Y= Factor (geometrical)
Now, Kic=Y.б√πa
50=(1.0).(150).√πa
∴0.333= √πa
a= (0.333)²/(√π)
=0.03529m
=35.29mm
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a sinusoidal voltage source of v(t) 170 cos (2 60t) v is applied to a nonlinear load, resulting in a nonsinusoidal current that is expressed in fourier series form as i(t) 10 cos (2 60t 30 ) 6 cos (4 60t 45 ) 3 cos (8 60t 20 ) a. determine (a) the power absorbed by the load, (b) the power factor of the load, (c) the distortion factor, and (d) the total harmonic distortion of the load current.
The power factor in a circuit or distribution system is the ratio of actual power to apparent power. Real, reactive, harmonic, and apparent (total) power all exist in an AC circuit.
True power is the amount of energy, measured in W or kW, that motors, lights, and other appliances use to create useful work. Reactive power is the power that inductors and capacitors store and release, measured in VAR or kVAR. A phase difference between the waveforms of the current and voltage indicates the presence of reactive power. Harmonic power, measured in VA or kVA, is the power lost due to harmonic distortion. The vector sum of real power, reactive power, and harmonic power is known as apparent power, and it is measured in VA or kVA. Evident power is a vector summation rather than a straightforward addition.
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describe the result to the 24v secondary on a transformer with a 208/230v dual-rated primary when it is wired for 230v but installed on a 208v system.
The result to the 24v secondary on a transformer with a 208/230v dual-rated primary when it is wired for 230v but installed on a 208v system is 26.538V.
What is transformer?
A transformer is a passive component that transmits electrical energy from one circuit to another, or from many circuits. A changing current in any of the transformer's coils causes a changing magnetic flux in the core, which induces a changing electromotive force (EMF) across any additional coils coiled around the same core. Without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits, electrical energy can be exchanged between separate coils.
given,
transformer rating = 208/230V ∴208=secondary, 230= primary
given, primary rated voltage 230V but installed on 208V system
∴ Primary voltage ratings V₁=208V
Hence, Secondary voltage rating V₂ =(208×208)/230V
given, voltage on secondary = 24V
Voltage on primary = 24×V₁/V₂
=24×(208/(208×208)/230))
=24×(230/208)
=26.538V
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technician a says that a defective solenoid can cause a starter whine. technician b says that a defective starter drive can cause a starter whining noise. which technician is correct?
Answer:
technician A
Explanation:
your starter drive isnt being pushed out, so that means the drive is spinning but isnt interacting with the fly wheel.
A defective starter drive can produce a starter whining noise. So, only technician B is correct.
A defective starter sound can be of multiple types. Mostly, it is a whining noise. A bad starter produces whining sounds because of a fault in the kicker solenoid. If one drives with a faulty starter, it produces a starter whining noise. Therefore, it is technician B only who states correctly that driving with a defective starter can generate a starter whining noise.
However, technician A who says that a defective solenoid can produce a starter whine is not correct because, with a defective starter solenoid, the engine is not able to crank as a result of the solenoid failing to supply power to the starter motor. Because of this, no starter whine produces.
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A brake drum has a discard diameter specification of 11.420 inches and a maximum refinish specification of 11.390 inches. If the drum currently measures 11.362 inches, what are your options
Answer:
throw it out
Explanation:
if it need to be discareded at 11.420 and its already at 11.362 its no longer in the guidlines for operation, by refinishing your taking away material.
Give the procedures on conducting technical drafting
The procedure for technical drafting is summarized below:
Proper Sheet Preparation; This entails choosing the drawing sheet. Drawing paper is used for the short term and polyester film for the long term. Secure the Drawing Sheet to the Board by first aligning it with the T-square blade.Execute Sheet Layout: This involves the process of inserting the border and the title block on the drawing sheet.Create reference Zone: These can be found the in the margins and are useful for finding key information about the drawing.Technical drawing, often known as drafting or drawing, is the act and practice of creating drawings that graphically convey how something works or is built. In industry and engineering, technical sketching is critical for expressing ideas.
A technical drawing, also known as an engineering drawing, is a thorough, accurate diagram or blueprint that provides information about how an object works or is built. These drawings are used as guidelines by engineers, electricians, and contractors while constructing or repairing things and buildings.
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Which tool is used to measure movement
Dial indicator
Feeler gauge
Inside micrometer
Outside micrometer
Answer:
Inside micrometer
Explanation:
a new interstate highway is being built with a design speed of 70mph. for one of the horizontal curves, the radius (measured to the innermost vehicle path) is tentatively planned as 2500 feet. what rate of superelevation is required for this curve?
The rate of superelevation is required for this curve.
What is superelevation?
Superelevation is a technique for building infrastructure in which the outer edge of a pavement is elevated above the inner margin. It's a key safety component in the design requirements of any road with bends. It is an aspect of the vertical alignment or "profile" of a road viewed in cross-section. A superelevated road requires meticulous design. Its construction calls for the expenditure of large amounts of materials, heavy machinery, and labour. However, if it is executed properly, most people hardly even notice it. Superelevation is more frequently referred to as "cant" or "banking," like a racing speedway's banked track.
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the installed transformer has burned out. it is found that the replacement transformer needs a higher va rating. how can you obtain a higher va rating?
Answer:
Explanation:
When a transformer burn out, It makes a great miss in the location, the team work has to work hard to return the power back to.
There are different factors that can cause a transformer to burn. Here we will discuss some common reasons responsible for transformer burning. But, What is meant by transformer burning? It means that the transformer actually burns out and can catch fire too, when its temperature rises to extreme level with out no cooling.
Oil Leakage
As we discussed the importance of oil in the transformer in our previous article, Similarly, oil leak is one of the main reasons that can cause transformer to burn. Oil main functions are insulation and cooling.
When the oil level falls from the standard level, the winding gets hot, and as a result the transformer temperature increases and causes burning. If the oil overheats it can also cause an explosion in the transformer.
Natural Aging
Like all other working equipment, aging is one of the failure factors. However, with a good maintenance program and well trained workers the age of the equipment can be extended. While the same equipment with no or poor maintenance makes its lifetime shorter. Transformers are not an exception, Natural aging is another reason of transformer burning. Transformer consist of Silicon coated paint having a small value of insulation resistance. Due to natural aging, the insulation resistance cannot withstand for a long time, and eddy current losses occur which causes damages to the transformer.
Also, with the factor of age, side by side to the environmental effects, the oil tank of the transformer is getting damaged due to corrosion. By this way the oil may leak and the transformer temperature rises and then, the transformer burn out.
How To Protect Transformer From Burn Out?
A good and regular maintenance program, side by side to the main protection installation from day one of transformer working are the key of protecting the transformer, Protection devices like Circuit breaker, fuses and advanced protection relays are the combination of protection system. These protection devices detect any fault before it become a serious problem and lead to burning the transformer.
We had a transformer of 2.5 MVA in the work which completely burnt out when the protection devices failed to discover and isolate the fault. The main reason was an external short circuit. The large current damaged the winding.
The following precautions need to be taken in order to protect transformer from burnout.
Regular check the transformer cooling system to make effective cooling. Check fans and oil pumps. Also check the radiator for any air blockage and make sure it is always clean.
Properly check the oil level in the transformer tank. For this purpose, monthly inspection needs to be carried out. This is why its important to have a preventive maintenance schedule.
Repair leaks, if any exist. Methods of leakage repair is i details in my other article here.
Use painting and other weather-resistive material to protect the transformer tank from aging and corrosion.
Install watchdog breakers to protect against power failure and overcurrent faults.
Make sure that protection devices and fuses are designed properly to protect this transformer.
Installing lightning arrestors can also protect transformers from burning and explosions. As it protects the transformer from lightning.
Avoiding insulation resistance, internal arcing, and reducing flashover current also help to protect transformers.
Using partial discharge devices to monitor the PD activity and detect it early before turning into an explosion.
Please 5 stars or a thanks if this helped!
air at the beginning of a compression process of a cold air-standard otto cycle is at a pressure of 1bar, temperature of 290k, and volume of 400 cm3. the maximum cycle temperature is 2200 k and the compression ratio is 8. find: a. heat addition (in kj) b. thermal efficiency c. mean effective pressure (in kpa) d. exergy change during heat addition, e3-e2
The maximum cycle temperature and the compression ratio exists equal to 8.
What is meant by thermal efficiency?The thermal efficiency of a device, such as an internal combustion engine, steam turbine, steam engine, boiler, furnace, refrigerator, air conditioners, etc. that consumes thermal energy is a dimensionless performance metric in thermodynamics.
Thermal efficiency (also known as the coefficient of performance) for a heat engine is the ratio of the net work output to the heat input; for a heat pump, it is the ratio of the net heat output (for heating) or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy intake (external work).
The pressure temperature and volume at point 1 are equal to:
P1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa
T1 = 290 K
V1 = 400 cm³ = 0.0004 m³
The maximum cycle temperature and the compression ratio are equal to:
T3 = 2200 K
r = V1 / V9 = 8
Therefore, the maximum cycle temperature and the compression ratio are equal to 8.
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in the grid (us) the transmission lines: a. none of the choices are correct b. only connects the generator substations to load centers. c. connect the generator substations to distribution substations but are not connected to each other at any specific location. d. not only connect the generator substations to load centers but also are connected to each other at specific locations called interconnects. e. connect the generator substations to distribution substations but are not connected to each other at any specific location except if the run as parallel circuits.
A National Grid substation is a sizable facility where 275 kV and 400 kV subterranean cables and overhead power lines are switched, and where electricity is converted to 132 kV for distribution to nearby communities.
Although not all substations have all of the above capabilities, substations are made to do the following tasks: Increase or decrease the voltage. To account for variations in system voltage, regulate the voltage. Switch the grid system's transmission and distribution circuits in and out. Through transmission and distribution power lines, power plants produce electricity that is then distributed to clients. Electricity is transported over vast distances to satisfy consumer needs using high-voltage transmission lines, including those that dangle between tall metal towers.
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two steels are being considered for manufacture of as-forged connecting rods. one is aisi 4340 cr-mo-ni steel capable of being heat-treated to a tensile strength of 260 kpsi. the other is a plain carbon steel aisi 1040 with an sut of 113 kpsi. if each rod is to have a size giving an equivalent diameter de of 0.75 in., is there any advantage to using the alloy steel for this fatigue application?
The most typical material used to create pipes is alloy steel, particularly pipes for energy-related uses. Additionally, it is utilized in the production of corrosion-resistant containers, silverware, pots and pans, and heating elements for appliances like toasters.
Alloy steels can generally show more strength, ductility, and toughness than carbon steels. However, alloy steels often have lower machinability, weldability, and formability, which is a drawback. One metal and one nonmetal are combined to boost the hardness of metal. In comparison to their component constituents, alloys have a higher tensile strength. Metal alloys are combinations of various metals that keep the desired qualities while getting rid of the undesired ones. Many industries use alloys extensively. They are employed in the manufacture of military, industrial, medical, and aerospace equipment.
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