a. it's the set of encoding rules to transmit the management information over the network b. it's the logical language used to define management information c. it's the logical database that holds information about managed objects d. it's the communication protocol agents and managers use to communicate

Answers

Answer 1

Structure of Management Information exists directed to as SMI. It establishes the standards for managing object descriptions.

What is meant by SMI?

Structure of Management Information exists directed to as SMI. It establishes the standards for managing object descriptions. Managed objects in the SNMP framework are stored in a virtual database known as the management information base (MIB).

The Storage Networking Industry Association created and maintains the computer data storage management standard known as the Storage Management Initiative Specification, or SMI-S. (SNIA). Additionally, it has been approved as an ISO standard.

Therefore, the correct answer is option c. It's the logical language used to define management information.

The complete question is:

What is SMI?

a. It's the logical database that holds information about management objects.

b. It's the set of encoding rules to transmit the management information over the network.

c. It's the logical language used to define management information.

d. It's the communication protocol agents and managers use to communicate.

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Related Questions

cmu 2.5.4 scoreboard i need help with all of cmu 2.5.4

Answers

Answer:

Explanation: i can not see your sreeen

Alchool increases especially if the eyes are closed

Answers

I’m gonna go with C

avery wants to replace her cable television subscription with a video streaming service to watch her favorite tv shows. besides internet connectivity, what does she need to watch the shows on a tv?

Answers

Since Avery wants to replace her cable television subscription with a video streaming service to watch her favorite tv shows,  besides internet connectivity, the thing that she need to watch the shows on a tv is Smart TV or a TV stick.

Which is preferable, a smart TV or a fire stick?

Fire Sticks are lightweight, affordable, and adaptable. Smart TVs come with more functions out of the box and don't require any further setup for streaming. While not every Smart TV can use every streaming app available, Fire Sticks offer a larger selection of apps.

Therefore, Smart TVs can be used without the Internet for other purposes, such as watching cable and free-to-air channels, and only require an Internet connection to stream information. The Amazon Fire TV Stick requires an HDMI connection to a TV in order to function and is reliant on the Internet.

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The ________ selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons, and stores results of operations in memory.

Answers

The central processing unit selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons, and stores the results of operations in memory.

What is the function of the CPU?

The part of a computer system in charge of command interpretation and execution. A PC's central processing unit (CPU) consists of a single microprocessor, whereas a mainframe's CPU, which is more powerful, is made up of many processing units—in some cases, hundreds of them.

The computer is guided through the many processes of problem-solving by the central processor unit (CPU). A computer's central processing unit receives data from an input unit, processes it, and then makes it available to an output unit that the user can access. The fetch-decode-execute cycle is used by the CPU to run programs.

The central processing unit chooses instructions, executes them, makes logical and mathematical comparisons, and saves operation results in memory.

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what is object chaining? group of answer choices when you code methods that do similar things when you code more than one method when you code one method after another when you code with objects

Answers

Object in chaining is when you code one method after another.

A process for querying and calling properties, methods, and subscripts on an optional that might currently be nil is called an optional chaining. If the optional consist of a value, the property, method, or subscript call succeeds; if the optional is nil, the property, method, or subscript call returns nil. An interesting feature in JavaScript, which helps to reduce the size of code and increase the readability of our code is called Method chaining. We call separate methods of a single object like a chain without assigning the same object multiple times by assignment operators, in method chaining.

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host a and b are communicating over a tcp connection, and host b has already received from a all bytes up through byte 126. suppose host a then sends two segments to host b back-to-back. the first and second segments contain 80 and 40 bytes of data, respectively. in the first segment, the sequence number is 127. host b sends an acknowledgment whenever it receives a segment from host a. in the second segment sent from host a to b, what is the sequence number?

Answers

Answer:

sequence number = 207

source port number = 302

destination port number = 80

Explanation:

consider the sequence of numbers (1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 32, ...) such that each number in the sequence is the product of the two preceding numbers. what is the minimum number of bases cases required to specify this sequence with a recursive definition?

Answers

The minimum number of base cases required to specify this sequence with a recursive definition is 2.

In mathematics and computer science, a recursive definition, or inductive definition, is used to describe the elements in a set in terms of other elements in the set. Some examples of recursively-definable objects consist of factorials, natural numbers, Fibonacci numbers, and the Cantor ternary set. Recursion can be described as a technique used to solve computer problems by building a function that calls itself until your program achieves the desired result.

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as a penetration tester you want to get a username and password for an important server, but lockout and monitoring systems mean you'll be detected if you try brute force guessing. what techniques might directly find the credentials you need? choose all that apply.

Answers

As a penetration tester the credentials you need are pocket capture, phishing and social engineering.

In order to discover potential attack vectors and audit password policies, it is crucial that you evaluate the effectiveness of a bruteforce assault against a network as part of a penetration test. With the help of this expertise, you may develop a precise list of technical suggestions and present accurate business risk analysis. The Bruteforce Workflow, which offers a guided interface to help you construct an automated password attack against a group of targets, can be used to assist you in carrying out a bruteforce attack.

A penetration test, sometimes referred to as a pen test or ethical hacking, is a legitimate simulated cyberattack on a computer system that is carried out to analyze the system's security. This is distinct from a vulnerability assessment. The test is run to find flaws (also known as vulnerabilities), such as the possibility for unauthorized parties to access the system's features and data, as well as strengths, allowing a thorough risk assessment to be finished.

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Saving space is not an ideal reason for cropping a photo to be used in technical communication. What is a better reason?.

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Saving space is not an ideal reason for cropping a photo to be used in a technical document is a false statement and  a better reason is that  if you as a person is doing so, it helps you make your point.

What do you mean by technical document?

Technical writing is any form of writing that explains the use, intent, design, or architecture of a good or service. Its objective is to describe a service that a company provides. Technical publications come in a variety of formats, each tailored to a certain audience.

Technical documentation is a catch-all word for the various types of data produced to explain the functionality, use, or architecture of a given good, system, or service.

The point you made mean effectively communicate an idea, as in I understand your point about skateboards being risky; your argument has been conveyed. In this phrase, "point" refers to "an important or crucial argument or suggestion.

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write a function called remove duplicates that accepts a list and returns a list containing the same elements in the same order but with duplicates removed. for example, if the argument is [7, 4, 2, 7, 2, 2, 9, 4], the returned list would be [7, 4, 2, 9].

Answers

The function that called remove duplicates that accepts a list and returns a list containing the same elements in the same order but with duplicates removed is def remove_duplicates(lst).

The method of obtaining the unique list from a list that may contain duplicates is the subject of this article. Remove duplicates from list procedure has a wide range of uses, thus understanding it is beneficial.

This is the simplest and quickest way to complete a specific activity. After eliminating the duplicates, it returns a dictionary that must be transformed into a list.

List in the beginning: [1, 2, 4, 2, 1, 4, 5]

[1, 2, 4, 5] is the list after deleting duplicate elements.

Depending on the elements contained in the list, its size, whether or not the element order should be retained, and the effectiveness of the removal method, duplicates can be removed from Python lists using a variety of techniques. These processes might be iterative, implement themselves using built-in functions, or import functionality from modules.

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what is data as a service (daas)? multiple choice offers backup services that use cloud resources to protect applications and data from disruption caused by disaster delivers applications over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model facilitates the accessibility of business-critical data in a timely, secure, and affordable manner offers a cloud-based big data service to help organizations analyze massive amounts of data to solve business dilemmas

Answers

Data-as-a-Service (DaaS) is a data management process that facilitates the accessibility of cloud-based business-critical data in a secure, timely, and affordable manner.Thus, the correct answer option is (c) 'facilitates the accessibility of business-critical data in a timely, secure, and affordable manner'.

Data-as-a-service (DaaS) is an increasingly popular cloud-based strategy for data management, storage, integration, and analytics. By using Data-as-a-service (DaaS), enterprises can improve the agility of massive data workloads, minimize time-to-insight, and increase the integrity and reliability of their vast amount of data.

Other options are incorrect because:

Disaster Recovering as a Service (DRaaS): ‘offers backup services that use cloud resources to protect applications and data from disruption caused by disaster’. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): ‘delivers applications over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model’.Big Data as a Service (BDaaS): ‘offers a cloud-based big data service to help organizations analyze massive amounts of data to solve business dilemmas’.

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Does the following have a negative or positive impact on your credit? having many of the same types of credit accounts(2 points) positive negative

Answers

Benefits like cash back rebates and fraud protection are provided by credit cards. But if used improperly, credit cards can result in debt, interest fees, and credit ruin.

What are the positive and negative impacts of using credit?

Your chances of getting a loan approved at a reduced interest rate are better the higher your score and the better your demonstrated ability to make payments on time. Over the course of the loan, this could result in interest savings of hundreds or even thousands of dollars.

Benefits like cash back rebates and fraud protection are provided by credit cards. But if used improperly, credit cards can result in debt, interest fees, and credit ruin.

Contrary to what you might believe, having bad credit can have far-reaching effects. A poor credit history can make it more difficult to find homes and obtain certain services, in addition to resulting in higher interest rates and fewer loan possibilities. In some situations, it may work against you when looking for work.

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an engineer is writing a web application and needs to dynamically update some content on their page when a certain condition is met in their javascript. which web api would be their best bet for achieving this functionality?

Answers

DOM API would be the best bet for achieving the mentioned functionality to update content dynamically

What is DOM API?

By storing the structure of a document—such as the HTML encoding a web page—in memory, the Document Object Model (DOM) links web pages to scripts or programming languages and helps to update content dynamically. Despite the fact that modeling HTML, SVG, or XML documents as objects is not a function of the core JavaScript language, it usually refers to JavaScript.

A logical tree is used by the DOM to represent a document. Every node in the tree, where each branch of the tree ends, is home to objects. Programmatically, the tree can be accessed via DOM methods. They enable you to alter the document's content, style, or organization.

Using DOM API dynamically:

The DOM provides methods for obtaining and modifying elements as well as for handling events by affixing event handlers. These are the techniques:

A document's event handler is attached by the addEventListener() function.

A node from another document is adopted by adoptNode().

The document that was previously opened with the document's output writing stream is closed with the close() function.

open()

Hence using the DOM API we can update content dynamically

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(100 points) analyze the provided network traffic files for a tcp connection and answer the following questions. one of the files is for the traffic with tcp cubic, and another for the traffic with tcp reno used as congestion control protocols. a. list all tcp options used by both end hosts. b. determine the minimum number of duplicate acks received before fast retransmits are triggered. c. when consecutive retransmissions are done with no other intervening packets from the same flow, what is the increase in the rto? d. what is the throughput (application data bytes/second) with each congestion control? explain why one is faster than the other.

Answers

TCP is dependable because it makes sure that every bit of data is transmitted completely and can be constructed by the receiver in the right sequence.

What is meant by Transmission Control Protocol?

A network communication between applications is established and maintained according to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) standard. The Internet Protocol (IP), which specifies how computers send data packets to one another, works with TCP.

After the three-way handshake, TCP's connection-oriented architecture allows for two-way communication between two endpoints. TCP is dependable because it makes sure that every bit of data is transmitted completely and can be constructed by the receiver in the right sequence.

One of the key protocols in the Internet protocol family exists TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). It sits between the Application and Network Layers, which are utilized to deliver services with high reliability.

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write a program that calls a function calculatesum to calculate the sum from -5 to n. the function calculatesum has one parameter n of type integer and returns an integer which represents the sum from -5 to n, inclusive. write another function calculateaverage that calculates an average. this function will have two parameters: the sum and the number of items. it returns the average as a floating point number. the main function should be responsible for all inputs and outputs. your functions will only calculate and return the values and not print anything. n is provided by the user; user input must be asked for repeatedly until a non-negative integer is provided.

Answers

The process of carrying out a specific computation through the design and construction of an executable computer program is known as computer programming.

What is meant by computer programming?

Classes and functions are used in programming languages to manage commands. Programming tells a computer to carry out these instructions regularly so that people don't have to repeat the process by hand, which is why it's so crucial. Instead, the computer program can complete it precisely and automatically.

The process of carrying out a specific computation through the design and construction of an executable computer program is known as computer programming. Analysis, algorithm generation, resource utilize profiling, and algorithm implementation exists some of the duties involved in programming.

Writing code to support certain activities in a computer, application, or software program and giving them instructions on how to do is known as computer programming.

The program is as follows:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int calculateSum(int n){

int sum = 0;

for(int i = 0;i<=n;i++){

sum += i;

}

return sum;

}

float calculateAverage(int sum, int n){

return 1.0*sum/n;

}

int main()

{

int n;

cout<<"Enter n: ";

cin>>n;

int sum = calculateSum(n);

float avg = calculateAverage(sum,n);

cout<<"Sum = "<<sum<<endl;

cout<<"Average = "<<avg<<endl;

return 0;

}

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a vpn is designed to connect 15 film animators and programmers from around the state of california. at the core of the vpn is a router connected to a high-performance server used for storing the animation files. the server and router are housed in an isp's data center. the isp provides two different t3 connections to the internet backbone. what type of connection must each of the animators and programmers have to access the vpn?

Answers

The kind of connection that each animator and programmer must have to access the VPN is any type of internet connection.

VPN or also known as a Virtual Private Network has the opportunity to establish a protected network connection when using public networks. VPN encrypts your internet traffic and disguises your online identity. This makes it more difficult for third parties to track your activities online and steal data. A VPN (virtual private network) means a service that built a safe, encrypted online connection. Internet users may use a VPN to provide themselves more privacy and anonymity online or circumvent geographic-based blocking and censorship. Network-based VPNs are used for virtual private networks that securely associate two networks together across an untrusted network. One regular example is an IPsec-based WAN, where all the offices of a business associate with each other across the internet using IPsec tunnels.

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What app should I use to make a fire outline around a person in a video?​

Answers

Answer:

pinreel

Explanation:

pinreel or piscart photo

If you were to design a real robot that would be responsible for cleaning up trash, what 4 (or more) commands would you give it and what would each one do? (4 complete sentences)

Answers

Answer:

classify, sweep, recycle, wash

Explanation:

classify: to differentiate between garbage, recyclables and washable objects

sweep: to clean the dust and dirt

recycle: to collect recyclable objects and separate them from garbage

wash: to collect dirty objects and clean them instead of throwing them away

you're the new systems administrator for a consulting firm, and you've been tasked with implementing an appropriate vpn option. the firm has salespeople and technicians spread out across the united states. you need to develop a vpn solution that will allow these users to remote into their network drive to upload various reports and data. because your users are so spread out, there's no easy way to hold a training for them. you want to reduce the number of help desk support calls regarding the vpn, so you need to create a solution that makes everything seamless and easy for your users. you decide to implement a vpn that's triggered only when the user opens the remote desktop connection application. this will allow your users to connect to the internet normally and shouldn't require extra steps to start the vpn or switch networks on the remote desktop connection application. you're working on a powershell script that users can run to enable and configure the app-triggered vpn. which powershell command enables the split tunneling option?

Answers

The  powershell command enables the split tunneling option is  Get-VPNConnection command

How can split tunneling be enabled?

Usually, enabling split tunneling is very simple. Here is how to go about it: All you have to do is choose Split tunneling in your VPN's Settings or Options. From there, it ought to provide you with choices to control your VPN connection for each individual program or URL.

Note that the  Split tunneling is a computer networking technique that enables a user to simultaneously access networks with different levels of security, such as a public network (like the Internet) and a local or wide area network, using the same or different network connections.

Hence, To enable split tunneling on the desired VPN Connection, type "Set-VPNConnection" -Name "Connection Name" -SplitTunneling $True and that is the The PowerShell VPN Split Tunneling Technique.

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your administrative assistant has started an online risk assessment certificate program. she has a question: what primary security concept defines the rights and privileges of a validated user? what will your answer be?

Answers

The main security concept that describes the rights and privileges of a validated user is authentication.

Authentication and authorization can be described as two vital information security processes that administrators use to protect systems and information. Authentication verifies the identity of a user or service, and authorization determines their access rights. Authorization can be described as a process by which a server determines if the client has been permitted to use a resource or access a file. Authorization is often peering with authentication so the server has some concept of who the client is that is needed access.

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task creation time: report the time to create and run both a process and a kernel thread (kernel threads run at user-level, but they are created and managed by the os; e.g., pthread create on modern linux will create a kernel-managed thread). how do they compare?

Answers

Process is the act of carrying out a program. A kernel thread is a sort of thread in which the kernel manages the threads of a process.

Process is the act of carrying out a program. User processes and system processes are the two categories of processes. The process is managed by the process control block.

A kernel thread is a sort of thread in which the kernel manages the threads of a process. Operating systems schedule kernel threads (kernel mode).

User-level threads can't contact the kernel for system calls or other purposes, but kernel-supported threads may.

A process is an active program. Threads maintained at the kernel level are known as kernel threads. Process overhead is considerable. Medium overhead is the kernel. No sharing occurs between processes. Address space is shared by kernel threads. The operating system uses a process table to schedule a process. Using a thread table, the operating system schedules kernel threads.

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Debug the code provided in the starter file so it does the following:

creates an int with the maximum possible value

increases this int by 1

prints the result

creates an int with the minimum possible value

decreases this int by 1

prints the result

----------------------------------

Code:

public class U2_L7_Activity_One

{

public static void main(String[] args)

{

long a = Long. MAX_VALUE();

a + 1;

System. Out. Println(a);

long b = Long. MIN;

b - 1;

System. Out. Println('b');

}

}

Answers

Finding and correcting code flaws is part of debugging. The following are the code errors: group name, Statements in print, declare variables, input declarations.

Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing flaws in computer programs, software, or systems. Bugs are errors or issues that prohibit proper operation.

Debugging techniques include memory dumps, profiling, control flow analysis, unit testing, integration testing, log file analysis, interactive debugging, and monitoring at the application or system level.

The program's class name is U3 L5 Activity Two.

Spaces are not permitted in class names; an underscore should be used instead.

Therefore, U3 L5 Activity Two or U3 L5 ActivityTwo is the proper class name.

The statement in print

Java distinguishes between lowercase and uppercase letters.

The program's print statements start with the little letter s. This is untrue.

The following are accurate statements:

"Enter two numbers," System.out.println;

"is a multiple of" + System.out.println(b + "" + a);

"Is not a multiple of" + System.out.println(b + "" + a);

Statements of declaration and input

Additionally, the input statements are incorrect, and variables a and b were incorrectly declared.

The appropriate answers are:

Integers a and b are equal to scan.nextInt();

The circumstance

The if statement is not formatted correctly.

The right response is: iif(b%a == 0)

Thus, the appropriate code is:

import scanner from java.util;

general class Main

(String[] args) public static void main

new Scanner(System.in) = Scanner scan;

"Enter two numbers," System.out.println;

I = scan.next int a

Int();

scan.nextInt(); int b;

if(b%a == 0){

"is a multiple of" + System.out.println(b + "" + a);

else{

"Is not a multiple of" + System.out.println(b + "" + a);

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9. a technician has been called to help with a problem. a s.m.a.r.t. error displays, and the user reports that the system has been running slowly for several months. which two tools or actions should the technician use immediately?

Answers

The two tools or actions that the technician should use immediately are backup the data and chkdsk.

A system utility called Check Disk, also known as CHKDSK, assists in logical file system issues, such as faulty sectors, and file system integrity verification for volumes.

For a variety of causes, computer data loss has been a major problem for many users. The most frequent causes include human error, malware infection, and unexpected Windows shutdown, among others. In general, data recovery can be extremely simple if there are recent backups. However, if there are no recent backups, data recovery tools, such as Outlook data damage recovery software, may be needed.

We are all aware that the hard drive houses the data on our computers. Our data could be in danger if the drive has corrupt sectors. Fortunately, Windows provides users with an integrated scandisk program, formerly known as Scandisk and now known as CHKDSK, that can scan a disk, report on the disk's condition, and attempt to rectify issues arising from both bad sectors and other mechanical faults.

Even though this tool appears to be powerful, in some unique situations it still might result in significant computer data losses.

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why is hierarchical design important, both when writing hdl code, and when implementing physical circuits? what are the benefits and potential drawbacks?

Answers

Hierarchical design is important because it described the importance and sequence of elements within a composition. It influences the order in which your audience views your content. Requirements can significantly impact comprehension, impact, and value.

A hierarchical design separates a network into distinct layers, which is each layer has a series of functions that define its role in the network. Because of this, a network designer can decide the optimal hardware, software, and appearance to take on a particular role for that network layer.

A hierarchical structure means typical for larger businesses and organizations. It relies on having different levels of authority with a chain of command connecting multiple management levels within the organization. The decision-making process is kind of formal and flows from the top down.

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what is the speedup rounded to one digit after the decimal when 33% of the code is not parallelized and the rest of the code is perfectly parallelized (i.e., achieves linear speedup) and executed on 7 threads?

Answers

3.3x is the speedup rounded to one digit after the decimal when 33% of the code is not parallelized and the rest of the code is perfectly parallelized (i.e., achieves linear speedup) and executed on 7 threads.

What is code?

Code (short for source code) is a phrase used to describe text written by a computer programmer utilising the protocol of a certain language. C, C#, C++, Java, Perl, and PHP are examples of programming languages. In a less formal sense, code can also refer to content written for markup or styling languages such as HTML and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). People may refer to code in a variety of languages, such as "C code," "PHP code," "HTML code," or "CSS code."

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you have been asked to recommend a printer that will be used in a travel agency. the printer will be used to print airline tickets. each ticket has four pages (multi-part carbon-based forms), and the same information must show up on all four pages with a single pass of the printer. which printer type would you recommend? ink jet

Answers

Answer: Impact!

Explanation: Hope this helps.


What level of education should a person who is interested in being a registere
nurse have??

Answers

To become a registered nurse (RN), you must first obtain an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN), followed by passing the NCLEX-RN exam.

Who is a registered nurse?

A registered nurse (RN) is a nurse who has completed a nursing programme and met the requirements for obtaining a nursing licence outlined by a country, state, province, or similar government-authorized licencing body. The scope of practise of a registered nurse is determined by legislation and regulated by a professional body or council. Registered nurses work in a wide range of professional settings and frequently specialise in a field of practise.

Although a BSN typically takes four years to complete, a few nurses with job experience and existing RN certification may be able to finish it faster by enrolling in an accelerated RN-to-BSN programme.

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uppose that a tcp segment has a lifetime of 2 minutes in the network. calculate the maximum transmission speed (bits/second) at which a host can send out 1460-byte tcp segments so that there will not be two tcp segments from the same sender with the same sequence number in the network, i.e., without having the tcp sequence numbers wrap around?

Answers

The maximum transmission speed at which a host can send out 1460-bytes TCP segments from the same sender with the same sequence number in the network exists at 10 bits per second.

How to estimate the sustained maximum data transfer rate?

If the bandwidth exists at 10 Gbps, the link will be (10/8) 109 bps = 1.25 109 bps.

120 seconds is the maximum segment lifetime.

The amount of data transferred in 120 seconds exists equivalent to 150 1.25 109 bps / 120. 1.5 x 1010 bytes Equals 109 bytes

The TCP will generate a 1.5 1010 sequence number in the 120 seconds.

One is required to transfer data at the highest speed to make a 1.5 × 1010 unique sequence.

= ceiling(log(1.5 1010)

= ceil(log(1.5) + log(1010))

= ceil(0.1761 + 10)

= ceil(10.1761) (10.1761)

= 10 bits in the field for the sequence number.

Therefore, a sustained maximum data transfer rate of 10 bits per second exists required between two hosts.

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vivian is using a search engine to find photos for a school project. what search engine tool should she use to find photos she can legally copy and share?

Answers

Since Vivian is using a search engine to find photos for a school project, the search engine tool that she can use to find photos she can legally copy and share is called license filter.

Can A person use licensable images for free?

You can, indeed. You can limit results such that only pictures with Creative Commons licenses, pictures with commercial licenses, or pictures with other licenses are displayed, as Go ogle describes on its Developers Blog. Simply use the Usage Rights drop-down filter when searching to accomplish this.

Therefore, Use the licensing filter to identify photographs that you are allowed to use, share, or change for either personal or commercial purposes. The Creative Commons licensing framework is the foundation of this filter. To obtain image results that are appropriate for your intended use, choose a filter option.

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the hacker is now attempting to gain unauthorized access to a public-facing web application by using the stolen credentials one by one. what type of attack is taking place

Answers

The hacker is attempting a brute force attack.

What is hacker?

A hacker is an information technology expert who employs non-standard methods to attain a goal or overcome an impediment within a computerised system. Though the term "hacker" has come to be associated with a security hacker - someone who uses technical knowledge of faults or exploits to break into computer systems and access data that would otherwise be inaccessible to them - hacking can also be used by lawful figures in legal situations. Hacking and cyber-attacks, on the other hand, are used extra-legally and criminally by law enforcement and security services (performing warrantless activities), and are used as a weapon of both legal and illegal warfare by state actors.

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