Chemistry =>Introduction to Chemistry => Scientific Method
A scientific method corresponds to a methodology to obtain new knowledge.
We must start from an idea, an assumption of how a compound or a process behaves, this is our hypothesis.
Following this, we must identify what can affect our process, what are the variables, and what will be the response variable, for this we carry out an experiment.
Once the experiments have been carried out, we must analyze the results, draw conclusions as to why the behavior occurs, and if our hypothesis is true or not.
It is useless for us to obtain new knowledge if we do not share it, We have to share the results, in this way other people can start from that knowledge to create another,
Therefore, the answer will be:
1. Make a hypothesis
2. Conduct an experiment
3. Analyze the experiment data
4. Communicate the results
A particular compound has an enthalpy of vaporization of 28900 J/mol. At 278 K it has a vapor pressure of 103 mmHg. What is its vapor pressure at 309 K? (R = 8.31 J/(K· mol))a. 29.4mmhgb. 99.5mmhgc. 107mmhgd. 194mmhge. 361mmhg
Answer:
[tex]E\text{ : 361 mmHg}[/tex]Explanation:
Here, we want to get the vapour pressure of the compound at the given temperature
We can use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation for this
Mathematically, we have this as:
[tex]\ln (\frac{P_1}{P_2})\text{ = -}\frac{\Delta H}{R}(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2})[/tex]So,let us identify the values:
P1 = 103 mmHg
P2 = ?
ΔH = 28,900
R = 8.31
T1 = 278 K
T2 = 309 K
We now proceed to substitute these values into the equation above as follows:
[tex]\begin{gathered} \ln (\frac{103}{P_2})\text{ = -}\frac{28900}{8.31}(\frac{1}{278}-\frac{1}{309}) \\ \\ \ln (\frac{103}{P_2})\text{ = -3477.74 (}\frac{31}{85902}) \\ \\ \ln (\frac{103}{P_2})\text{ = -1.255} \\ \\ e^{-1.255}\text{ = }\frac{103}{P_2} \\ P_2\text{ = 361 mmHg} \end{gathered}[/tex]i have 23.45g of AlBr3, and 34.57g of na2o, which of these substances is the limiting reagent
Answer
AlBr₃ is the limiting reactant
Explanation
Mass of AlBr₃ = 23.45 g
Mole of AlBr₃ = Mass/molar mass = 23.46 g/266.69 g/mol = 0.08797 mol
Mass of Na₂O = 34.57 g
So mole of Na₂O = mass/molar mass = 34.57 g/61.9789 g/mol = 0.5578 mol
Mole ratio of AlBr₃ to Na₂O = (0.08797/0.08797) : (0.05578/0.08797) = 1:6
To know the limiting reactant, write a chemical equation for the reaction and compare the reactant mole ratio in the equation with the mole ratio above.
2AlBr₃ + 3 Na₂O -----> Al₂O₃ + 6NaBr
Mole ratio in the equation = 2:3
Comparing the mole ratio, AlBr₃ will be the first to be completely consumed.
Therefore, AlBr₃ is the limiting reactant
what other combination of phosphoric acid and its salts could be mixed to prepare this buffer? h3po4 and nah2po4 h3po4 and na2hpo4 na2hpo4 and na3po4 h3po4 and na3po4 nah2po4 and na3po4
The mass of each salt which will be added to the mixture is:
NaH₂PO₄ = 1.876 g
Na₂HPO₄ = 4.879 g
To make this buffer, phosphoric acid and/or its salts can also be combined in the following ways:
H₃PO₄ and Na₂HPO₄;
H₃PO₄ and Na₃HPO₄
The acid must be in the second ionisation if we are to have a buffer at 7.540, thus we would pick pKa2 = 7.198 for the buffer capacity.
7.540 = 7.198 + log[A⁻]/[HA]
log[A⁻]/[HA] = 0.342
[A⁻]/[HA] =
[A⁻]/[HA] = 2.198
[A⁻] = 2.198*[HA]
The concentration of the acid is conjugated to base and must be equal to the concentration of the buffer 0.0500 M, so:
[A⁻] + [HA] = 0.0500
2.198*[HA] + [HA] = 0.0500
3.198*[HA] = 0.0500
[HA] = 0.01563 M
[A⁻] = 0.0500 - 0.01563
[A⁻] = 0.03436 M
The mixed reaction is: NaH₂PO₄ + Na₂HPO₄ → HPO₄⁻² + 3Na + H₂PO₄⁻
The second ionization is:
H₂PO₄⁻ ⇄ HPO₄⁻² + H⁺
Because H₂PO₄⁻ is the acid form, its concentration is the same as NaH₂PO₄, and HPO₄⁻² is the conjugated base, and its concentration is the same as Na₂HPO₄ (stoichiometry is 1:1 for both).
If you want to prepare something for buffering, you must first have a solution of the species H2PO4 and HPO42, so that you can mix the mixture of:
H3PO4 and Na2HPO4 (the acid is tricrotic, forming H2PO4 as a result),
The dissociation of the salt Na2HPO4 into Na+ and HPO42);
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The seven diatomic elements (exist as two atoms bonded together in nature) are hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (C2), Iodine (I2) and Bromine (B2). Based on the position of the seven elements that are diatomic when pure in nature and the trends of the periodic table, which of the following characteristics would not describe them?
a) Smaller Atomic Radius
b) High Metallic Character
c) High Ionization Energy
d) High Electron Affinity
Answer:
Smaller Atomic Radius, High Ionization Affinity, and High Electron Affinity
[Note: It is Br2, not B2, the bomber]
Explanation:
a) Smaller Atomic Radius YES Each of these elements have a high number of electrons that nearly fill the lower energy orbitals, forcing the protons in the nucleus to cluster togeter more tightly.
b) High Metallic Character NO
c) High Ionization Energy YES - They want to keep their electrons, so the ionization energy is high.
d) High Electron Affinity YES They attract electons from anything that comes nearby.
help me out please and thank you
The metals that are able to displace iron sulfate from solution are magnesium and aluminum.
What is the electrochemical series?The electrochemical series is a series that shows the reactivity of the metals. We must note that the order of the reactivity of the metals depends on the electrode potential of the metal. The metals that have a higher electrode potential would tend to react better and faster.
Also note that, the metals that are higher in the electrochemical series are able to displace the metals that are lower in the series from their aqueous solutions. This implies that if we add a metal to a solution that contains a meta that is lower in the electrochemical series, the lower meta is discharged from solution.
As we can see, when we add each of these metals to the iron sulfate solution, the only time that we would be able to have a reaction is when we add the aluminum or the magnesium metals.
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Which of the following statements about thermal energy is true? As you hold a cup of hot water, the heat moves to your hand. As you hold a cup of cold milk, your hand cools the milk. As you hold a cup of hot water your hands cool the water. As you hold a glass of cold milk, the cold travels to your hand.
Answer: As you hold cold milk.... travels to your hand
Explanation:
Cold and hot are compared to your own body temperature. So yeah that's kind of off topic but yeah. Anyways, to the explanation: so, this can be tested--obviously--by literally doing what the statement says. after you are done holding the milk, you will notice your hand is cold. This is because the milk is cooling down your hand to balance out the temperatures.
how do chandeliers use energy
Answer:
as they use multiple bulbs in conjunction chandeliers don't need higher watt bulbs and are usually not used as often as other lights
Explanation:
hope this helps
PLEASE HELP
Suppose 200.0 g of ice absorb 1255.0 J of heat. What is the corresponding temperature change? Specific heat capacity of ice is 2.1 J/gC.
Considering the definition of calorimetry, if 200.0 g of ice absorb 1255.0 J of heat, the temperature change is 2.988°C.
Definition of calorimetryCalorimetry is the measurement and calculation of the amounts of heat exchanged by a body or a system.
Sensible heat is defined as the amount of heat that a body absorbs or releases without any changes in its physical state (phase change). So, the amount of heat that a body receives or transmits is determined by the following expression:
Q = c×m×ΔT
Where:
Q is the heat exchanged by a body of mass m.c is a specific heat substance.ΔT is the temperature variation.Temperature change in this caseIn this case:
Q= 1255 Jc= 2.1 J/gCm= 200 gΔT= ?Replacing in the definition of calorimetry:
1255 J = 2.1 J/gC× 200 g× ΔT
Solving:
1255 J ÷(2.1 J/gC× 200 g)= ΔT
2.988 °C= ΔT
Finally, the temperature change is 2.988°C.
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how many moles are in a 60gram sample of NaCI
Answer:
[tex]1.03\text{ moles}[/tex]Explantion
Here, we want to get the number of moles in 60 g sample of NaCl
Mathematically, to get this, we have to divide the mass given by the molar mass of NaCl
Thenmolar mass of NaCl is 58.44 g/mol
Thus, we have the number of moles as:
[tex]\frac{60}{58.44}\text{ = 1.03 mole}[/tex]Describe the composition of calcite
Answer:
CaCO3
Explanation:
Pure calcite has the composition CaCO3. However, the calcite in limestone often contains a few percent of magnesium. Calcite in limestone is divided into low-magnesium and high-magnesium calcite, with the dividing line placed at a composition of 4% magnesium. High-magnesium calcite retains the calcite mineral structure, which is distinct from that of dolomite, MgCa(CO3)2.[18] Calcite can also contain small quantities of iron and manganese.[19] Manganese may be responsible for the fluorescence of impure calcite, as may traces of organic compounds
naoh is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs water from the air. you can measure the amount of water it absorbs by taking its mass before and after removing the water in an oven (by the difference in mass before and after). would you use an analytical or top-loading balance for this?
It is better to use the analytical balance for smaller amounts of sodium hydroxide (up to a couple of grams).
The sensitivity of the analytical balance goes to a couple of tenths of a milligram, while the sensitivity of a top-loading balance goes to tens of milligrams at best. The amount of water absorbed by sodium hydroxide is significant, but not too great relative to the mass of the sample. With this in mind, it is far more recommendable to use the analytical balance over the top-loading balance in order to be able to register the change in mass at all.
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A sample of a metal has a mass of 2272 grams. Its dimensions are 5 cm by 5 cm by 8 cm. What is the density of the sample?
If a sample of metal has a mass of 2272 grams. Its dimensions are 5 cm by 5 cm by 8 cm, then the density of the sample of the metal would be 11.36 grams / centimeter³.
What is density?It can be defined as the mass of any object or body per unit volume of the particular object or body.
ρ = mass / volume
As given in the problem sample of metal has a mass of 2272 grams. Its dimensions are 5 cm by 5 cm by 8 cm.
The density of the metal = 2272 / (5 × 5× 8)
= 11.36 gram / cm³
Thus, the density of the metal would be 11.36 grams / cm³.
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3. Hydrogen peroxide forms gas bubbles when it is added to blood.
The other reaction product is water. Inserting a glowing splint
into a sample of this gas causes the splint to relight. 20
(a) Identify the gas.
(b) Classify the reaction.
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
The gas is oxygen which causes the splint to relight and the reaction is of hydrogen peroxide resulting into water and oxygen.
Why hydrogen peroxide forms gas bubbles when it is added to blood?Hydrogen peroxide on reaction and decomposition releases water and oxygen .The reaction followed is something like this: 2H2O2= 2H2O + O2 , putting hydrogen peroxide on a cut.And the bubbles are actually symptomizing that the solution is killing bacteria that is it prevents bacteria to grow.And that solution is true solution which consist of various components in the reaction that is being done.Hence the gas is oxygen , and the reaction is 2H2O2= 2H2O + O2, and its the oxygen gas causing the splint to relight.To know more about hydrogen peroxide visit:
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What discovery proved Mendeleev's periodic table to be correct and Newlands' to be
wrong?
The discovery of protons and isotopes
The discovery of oxygen and nitrogen
The discovery of electron shells
The discovery of atomic weight
0/1
Answer: The discovery of protons and isotopes
Explanation: Mendeleev's arrangement by changing the criteria by which elements were arranged and assigned atomic numbers. Mendeleev arranged the periodic table based on the atomic mass of an atom of an element and its chemical properties.
1. State the general period and group trends among
main-group elements with respect to each of the
following properties:
a. atomic radii
b. first ionization energy
c. electron affinity
d. ionic radii
e. electronegativity
2. a. In general, how do the periodic properties of
the d-block elements compare with those of
the main-group elements?
b. Explain the comparison made in (a).
3. For each main-group element, what is the
relationship between its group number and
the number of valence electrons that the group
members have?
PLEASE HELP FAST
Answer:
What is class??
Explanation:
please tell the topic
ethambutol is a chiral drug used to treat tuberculosis. determine the number of chiral centers and the number of possible stereoisomers. there are two chiral centers in this molecule. calculate how many stereoisomers of this structure are possible.
There are two chiral centers in the ethambutol molecule, but only three possible stereoisomers (structures attached below).
In general, the number of stereoisomers of a chiral molecule is 2ⁿ, where n is the number of chiral centers, so for ethambutol it should be 2² = 4. However, if the molecule is symmetrical (in this case it has a plane of symmetry), then there is an R,S-isomer that is not optically active as a whole because the chiral centers cancel each other out. This is a so-called meso-isomer. So, in the end, we have two enantiomers (R,R- and S,S-) and a meso-isomer, giving us three stereoisomers in total.
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please help ASAP thank you!
Answer:
it's C
Explanation:
the mitochondria makes energy for the cell so without it there's no energy for the cell
a beaker containing 50.0 ml of 0.50 m naoh is titrated using a burette containing a solution of 0.50 m hcl. report all answers to two decimal places (e.g. 1.00) prompt 1what is the resulting ph of the solution if only 25.0 ml of titrant is added? answer for prompt 1 what is the resulting ph of the solution if only 25.0 ml of titrant is added? prompt 2what is the resulting ph of the solution if 50.0 ml of titrant is added? answer for prompt 2 what is the resulting ph of the solution if 50.0 ml of titrant is added? prompt 3what is the resulting ph of the solution if 75.0 ml of titrant is added?
The pH of the solution after 28.0 ml of NaOH have been added to the acid exists 0.85.
How to estimate the ph of the solution?The balanced reaction between base and acid exists;
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O
NaOH exists a strong base and HCl exists a strong acid therefore complete dissociation. Stoichiometry of acid to base exists 1: 1.
The number of moles of base added - 0.5 M /1000 mL/L × 28.0 mL = 0.014 mol
the number of acid moles present - 0.5 M /1000 mL/L × 50.0 mL = 0.025 mol.
acid reacts with base 1: 1 ratio
Therefore excess amount of acid present - 0.025 - 0.014 = 0.011 mol
Total volume = 50.0 + 28.0 = 78.0 mL
[H⁺] = 0.011 mol/0.078 L = 0.14 M
Therefore, pH = -log [H⁺]
substitute the values in the above equation, we get
pH = -log(0.14)
simplifying the above equation, we get
pH = 0.85.
Therefore, the pH of the solution after 28.0 ml of NaOH have been added to the acid exists 0.85.
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the total pressure of gases a, b, and c in a closed container is 4.1 atm . if the mixture is 36% a, 42% b, and 22% c by volume, what is the partial pressure of gas c? view available hint(s)for part a the total pressure of gases a, b, and c in a closed container is 4.1 . if the mixture is 36% a, 42% b, and 22% c by volume, what is the partial pressure of gas c? 1.5 atm 1.7 atm 0.22 atm 0.90 atm
Answer:
Explanation:
so
The argon fluoride (arf) laser used in some refractive eye surgeries emits electromagnetic radiation of 193.3 nm wavelength. what is the frequency of the arf laser's radiation? what is the energy of a single quantum of the radiation?
The frequency of the radiation is 1.6 * 10^15 Hz while its energy is 1.056 * 10^-18 J
What is the frequency?Recall that the electromagnetic radiation is commonly called light. All the members of the electromagnetic spectrum are known to have the speed of light which is 3 * 10^8 m/s. The first task that we have is to obtain the frequency of the electromagnetic wave since we have the wavelength of the wave we seek.
Given that;
frequency = Speed of light/ wavelength
Frequency = 3 * 10^8 m/s/193.3 * 10^-9 m
Frequency = 1.6 * 10^15 Hz
Next we need to obtain the energy of the radiation and we have to do that from;
E = hf
E = energy of the photon
h = Planks constant
f = frequency of the photon
E = 6.6 * 10^-34 * 1.6 * 10^15 Hz
E = 1.056 * 10^-18 J
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Beryllium, the first element in group 2, has an atomic number of 4. The second element in this group has an atomic number of.
The second element in group 2 has an atomic number of 12.
We can describe atomic number as the number of protons that are present in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, hence the atomic number is the number of protons or the number of electrons in an atom.
Beryllium has an atomic number of 4 because the element Beryllium has 4 protons.
In the periodic table, you will find that the second element in group 2 is Magenium. The atomic number of Magnesium is 12 because Magnesium has 12 protons in the nucleus of its atom.
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What do all waves have in common?
you can always see them
They carry energy
They absorb light
They do not carry energy
''They carry energy''. is the right statement about waves.
What are a wave and its types?A wave is defined as a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without any movement of particles. It may take elastic deformation, a variation of pressure, electric intensity, magnetic intensity, electric potential, and temperature. There are three types of waves i.e. matter waves, mechanical waves, and electromagnetic waves.
All types of waves have the same basic properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. All waves have a wavelength, frequency, speed, and amplitude. A wave can be explained by its length, amplitude, and frequency. All waves transfer energy from one place to another, they can also be reflected as well as refracted.
So we can conclude that option A is the right answer about the waves.
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how America can best accelerate its transition to renewable energy
500-1000 words essay
America can best accelerate its transition to renewable energy by :
The effort to eliminate carbon emissions on a net basis by 2050 will accelerate innovation and create the largest reallocation of capital.Rising geopolitical tensions have targeted the focus of industries on energy security, reliability and sustainability.Companies and governments are facing pressures to provide more oil and gas supply along with accelerating the energy transition.Renewable digital technologies are emerging with a game-changing take on artificial intelligence, machine learning and automation.Need to accelerate the transition of national net-zero energy ecosystems.Transformation on this scale will require a combination of vision, imagination for companies and investors to achieve their decarbonization ambitions.To know more about renewable energy, refer
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the law of says, “Energy is neithet created nor destroyed,only transferred or transformed
Answer:
this is Daltons atomic theory
Answer:
this means that energy cannot be created or destroyed
Explanation:
it is because energy can change into many different forms such as heat or nuclear during chemical reactions
which is the correct answer?
The true statement about the reaction is that the reaction reaches equilibrium around 1.5 seconds.
What is a reversible reaction?We say that a reaction is reversible if the reaction can proceed both in the forward and the reverse directions. Let us recall that it is possible for a reversible reaction to attain a status of dynamic equilibrium. The status of dynamic equilibrium is the status where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction.
If we look at the graph as we have it we would notice that there is such a point of dynamic equilibrium as we survey the system around 1.5 seconds.
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The true statement about the reaction is the reaction reaches equilibrium around 1.5 seconds. Thus option D is correct.
What is reversible reaction?Reversible reaction is defined as a reaction in which the transformation of both reactants and products into one another takes place simultaneously.
If a response may occur in both the forward and reverse directions, we say that it is reversible. Let's not forget that a reversible reaction can reach a state of dynamic equilibrium. The condition known as dynamic equilibrium occurs when the forward reaction rate and the backward reaction rate are equal.
If we were to examine the graph as it currently stands, we would see that the system reaches a point of dynamic equilibrium after 1.5 seconds of observation.
Thus, the true statement about the reaction is the reaction reaches equilibrium around 1.5 seconds. Thus option D is correct.
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what is the volume in liters of 3.75 moles of o2 gas
The volume of 3.75 moles of oxygen gas at STP is 84.05L.
How to calculate volume?The volume of a gas can be calculated using the ideal gas law equation as follows:
PV = nRT
Where;
P = pressureV = volumen = number of molesR = gas law constantT = temperatureAt standard temperature and pressure (STP), the temperature and pressure of an ideal gas is 273K and 1 atm respectively.
1 × V = 3.75 × 0.0821 × 273
V = 84.05L
Therefore, 84.05L is the volume of the ideal oxygen gas.
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The percent composition of an unknown substance is 75.42 % Carbon, 6.63 % Hydrogen, 8.38 % Nitrogen, and 9.57 % Oxygen. If its molar mass is 334.0 g/mol what is its molecular formula?
The percent composition are the percent in mass of each atom in the molecule.
Since we know that the molar mass of the substance is 334.0 g/mol, we can use it to figure out how much of each atom we have per molecule.
Starting from carbon, we know it is 75.42% of the mass.
In 1 mol of the substance, there are 334.0 g, 75.42% of which is from carbon atoms.
So, in 1 mol of the substance, there are the following mass of carbon:
[tex]m_C=334.0g\cdot75.42\%=334.0g\cdot0.7542=251.9028g[/tex]The aromic mass of the carbon atom is 12.0107 g/mol.
That is, in 1 mol of the substance -> 251.9028 g of C.
That mass of carbon is equivalent to:
[tex]\begin{gathered} M_C=\frac{m_C}{n_C} \\ n_C=\frac{m_C}{M_C}=\frac{251.9028g}{12.0107g/mol}=20.97\ldots mol\approx21mol \end{gathered}[/tex]So, in 1 mol of the substance -> 251.9028 g of C -> 21 mol of C. This means that for each molecule of the substance we have 21 atoms of carbon.
Now, we can just repeat the process for Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen.
Hydrogen has an atomic mass of 1.00794 g/mol, and the percent composition of it is 6.63%, so:
[tex]m_H=334.0g\cdot0.0663=22.1442g[/tex][tex]n_H=\frac{m_H}{M_H}=\frac{22.1442g}{1.00794g/mol}=21.96\ldots mol\approx22mol[/tex]So, for each molecule of the substance there are 22 atoms of hydrogen.
Nitrogen has an atomic mass of 14.0067 g/mol, and the percent composition of it is 8.38%, so:
[tex]m_N=334.0g\cdot0.0838=27.9892g[/tex][tex]n_N=\frac{m_N}{M_N}=\frac{27.9892g}{14.0069g/mol}=1.998\ldots mol\approx2mol[/tex]So, for each molecule of the substance there are 2 atoms of nitrogen.
Oxygen has an atomic mass of 15.9994 g/mol, and the percent composition of it is 9.57%, so:
[tex]\begin{gathered} m_O=334.0g\cdot0.0957=31.9638g \\ n_O=\frac{m_O}{M_O}=\frac{31.9638g}{15.9994g/mol}=1.997\ldots mol\approx2mol \end{gathered}[/tex]So, for each molecule of the substance there are 2 atoms of oxygen.
To summarize, we have, for each molecule of the substance:
- 21 carbon
- 22 hydrogen
- 2 nitrogen
- 2 oxygen
So, the molecular form of the substance is C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₂.
when 2.0 mol h2 and 2.0 mol i2 are placed in a reaction vessel and allowed to come to equilibrium, the mixture is found to contain 2.5 mol hi. how many moles of each substance are present in the equilibrium mixture, i.e. what is the composition?
The composition of the mixture is 2.5 moles of HI, 0.75-mole I₂, and 0.75 moles of H₂.
The act of combining elements or elements to shape an entire. the ensuing nation or product. manner of being composed; structure: This portrait has an orderly composition. make-up; constitution: His ethical composition becomes impeccable.
A composition can discuss with any innovative painting, be it a quick story, poem, essay, studies paper or a piece of tune. consequently, the principle difference between essay and composition is that essay is a form of composition whereas composition refers to any innovative paintings.
H₂ + I₂ = 2HI
initial 2mol 2 0mol
final 2.5 mol
limiting reagent is I₂
2 mole of HI is produced by 1 mole of I₂
2.5 mole of I₂ is produced by = 1/2 × 2.5
= 1.25 mole
The final composition of the mixture = 2.5 moles of HI, 0.75-mole I₂, and 0.75 moles of H₂.
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A baseball catcher puts on an exhibition by catching a 0.15 kg ball dropped from a helicopter at a height of 101 m. What is the speed of the ball just before it hits the catchers glove 1.0 m above the ground?
Which form of energy can be connected closely to climate change?
a) coal
b) wind
c) hydroelectric
d) solar
Answer:
coal
Explanation: