Unfertilized reproductive cells are called gametes. A zygote is an egg that has been fertilized.
Sexual reproduction is the process of creating a child in which the male parent's sperm fertilizes the female parent's egg.
They gave birth to children who differ genetically from both of their parents. The meiotic process produces gametes, which have half as many chromosomes as their parent cells. At the moment of conception, this number of chromosomes is restored. When a zygote is formed, the number of chromosomes is equal to that of all body cells. One sex chromosome, either X or Y, and all autosomes are present in each gamete in one copy. All of the autosomes are duplicated in zygotes. The XX or XY chromosome is the sex chromosome.
So, the two stages of sexually reproducing organisms are gametes and zygotes, which help maintain a fixed number of chromosomes in every species.
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what determines the carryingcapacity in an ecosystem
In biology and environmental science, the sporting potential of an organic species in a specific habitat refers back to the most quantity of individuals (of that species) that the surroundings can bring and sustain, thinking about its geography or bodily features.
Carrying potential will also be described because the populace length at which the populace increase price equals zero
Populations develop at a price constrained via way of means of the supply of the Earth’s sources. A populace can also additionally develop at a quicker price and observe a J-formed curve.
When the start price surpasses the dying price of the species, this effects in an exponential increase. However, this fashion quickly adjusts as sources end up constrained. The increase in price slows down.
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A microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n)
A) obligate aerobe.
B) facultative anaerobe.
C) aerotolerant anaerobe.
D) microaerophile.
E) obligate anaerobe.
A microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably an (e) obligate anaerobe.
Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the air because they lack the protections necessary for aerobic life—they can only exist in the absence of oxygen. The singlet oxygen molecule is very reactive when energized. In order for the cells to survive in the presence of oxygen, superoxide must be eliminated.
Organisms known as obligatory anaerobes can only develop and endure without oxygen. In aerobic settings, they often pass away. Obligate anaerobes produce oxygen reduction products during their metabolic processes and development that are then released into the environment to kill them at typical atmospheric oxygen concentrations (i.e., 20.95% O2).
Clostridium botulinum, for instance, etc.
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Meiosis is associated with the: somatic cells haploid number of chromosomes gamete cells diploid number of chromosomes.
Meiosis is associated with the haploid number of chromosomes. Meiosis is a specialized process of cell division in which a diploid cell (cell with two sets of chromosome) is divided by half to produce four haploid cells (cells with a single set of chromosomes),
which develop to form gametes that are genetically to the parent cell that produced it. Meiosis takes place in all sexually reproducing unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes which includes animals, plants, and fungi. Sperm and eggs are the haploid cells made during meiosis in humans.
Meiosis is the process of forming a haploid cell from a diploid cell. The distinction between haploid and diploid cells is that haploid cells have one complete set of chromosomes whereas diploid cells have two entire sets of chromosomes. Meiosis is the process through which a diploid (2n) parent cell divides.
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During the development of most animals, cleavage leads to __________.A. the formation of a zygoteB. the formation of a gastrulaC. fertilizationD. metamorphosis
During the development of most animals, cleavage leads to the formation of a gastrula. The correct option is B.
Most animals reproduce sexually, and the diploid stage usually dominates the life cycle. In most species, a small, flagellated motile sperm fertilizes a larger, non-motile egg, forming a diploid zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage, a succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between division cycles.
During the development of most animals, cleavage leads to the formation of a multicellular stage called a blastula, which in many animals takes the form of a hollow ball. Following the blastula stage is the process of gastrulation, during which layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced. Thus, the cells of various layers get differentiated and get destined to form different organs of the animal body. The resulting developmental stage is called gastrula.
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Which of the following statements about diabetes are true?
1) Type 1 is an autoimmune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed.
2) One hypothesis suggests that lipid overload interferes with insulin signaling and blocks the translocation of the GLUT4 transporter to the membrane.
3) One hypothesis suggests adipose cells secrete inflammatory cytokines that then interfere with insulin signaling.
4) Type 2 diabetes, the result of an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas alpha cells are destroyed, can be treated by insulin injections.
O Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true.
O Statements 1 and 3 are true.
O Statements 1, 2, and 4 are true.
O All of the listed statements are true.
Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true about diabetes.
The immune system of the patient targets the insulin-producing beta cells in type 1 diabetes, which is a form of autoimmune illness. Consequently, the blood glucose level rises. Wax, fat, sterols, and other non-polar solvents are examples of lipids, which are biological molecules.
When the amount of fat (lipid) increases in the pancreatic beta cells, it destroys them and prevents the synthesis of insulin. This further contributes to the development of diabetes (type II).
Increased resistance to the hormone insulin is caused by an abnormal rise in the levels of metabolites such lipids, cytokines (from adipose tissues), and fatty acids. Diabetes is subsequently brought on by an increase in blood glucose levels.
Therefore, 1,2 and 3 statements are correct.
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1) In Drosophila, the sex of a fly with the karyotype XO:2A is ________.
2) How many Barr bodies would one expect to see in cells of Turner syndrome females and Klinefelter syndrome males respectively?
3) How many Barr bodies would one expect to see in cells of Turner syndrome females and Klinefelter syndrome males respectively?
1. A diploid cell with two X chromosomes (2X:2A) indicates that the fly is female (Bridges 1921, 1925). As a result, male XO Drosophila are sterile. In flies, sex is not determined by the Y chromosome. Instead, it has genes that are involved in mature sperm development.
2). Typically, a person with Klinefelter syndrome has one Barr body. Turner syndrome sufferers do not have Barr bodies. A typical Barr body belongs to a female XX person.
The majority of cells in Drosophila melanogaster choose this independently of one another, resulting in diploid cells with one X chromosome (XY) being male and those with two X chromosomes (XX) being female. Sex-lethal (Sxl) is activated in XX animals by regulatory proteins that function in concert to transmit the X-chromosome number.
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Correct Question:
1) In Drosophila, the sex of a fly with the karyotype XO:2A is ________.
2) How many Barr bodies would one expect to see in cells of Turner syndrome females and Klinefelter syndrome males respectively?
there are two brachiocephalic veins and ________ brachiocephalic artery (or arteries).
A. no
B. 2
C. 1
There are two brachiocephalic veins and 1 brachiocephalic artery (or arteries), which means option C is the correct choice.
Most humans handiest have one brachiocephalic artery, and it is at the proper facet in their chest. However, a few aortic arch versions can also additionally contain each a left and a proper brachiocephalic artery, or simply one at the left facet. The brachiocephalic veins additionally called the innominate veins, are massive venous systems placed inside the thorax and originate from the union of the subclavian vein with the inner jugular vein. The left and proper brachiocephalic vein be part of to shape the advanced vena cava at the proper facet of the top chest.
Thus, option C is the correct choice.
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A hydrate is a compound that includes water molecules within its crystal structure. During an experiment to determine the percent by mass of water in a hydrated crystal, a student found the mass of the hydrated crystal to be 4. 10 grams. After heating to constant mass, the mass was 3. 70 grams. What is the percent by mass of water in this crystal?.
The percentage by mass of water in the crystal would be 9.8% Correct option (2)
Mass of hydrated crystal = 4.10 grams
Mass of crystal after heating to constant mass = 3.70 grams
The heating must have removed the water. Thus, the mass of water can be calculated by removing the mass of the crystal after heating to constant mass from the hydrated mass.
Mass of water = 4.30 - 3.70
= 0.4 grams
Percentage by mass of water = mass of water/mass of hydrated crystal x 100
= 0.4/4.10 x 100
= 9.76
≈ 9.8
What is an example of a hydrated crystal?
The water that is present in the latter scenario is referred to as crystallization water or water of hydration. Gypsum (CaSO42H2O), borax (Na3B4O710H2O), and epsom salts (MgSO47H2O) are typical examples of minerals that occur as hydrates.
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Full Question : A hydrate is a compound that includes water molecules within itscrystal structure. During an experiment to determine the percent bymass of water in a hydrated crystal, a student found the mass of thehydrated crystal to be 4.10 grams. After heating to constant mass, themass was 3.70 grams. What is the percent by mass of water in this crystal?(1) 90.% (2) 9.8%(3) 11% (4) 0.40%
a bone process or eye membrane disease term that means resembling a wing is ________:
A bone process or eye membrane disease term that means resembling a wing is alar. Alar refers to a bony structure or an eye membrane that is shaped like a wing, typically with a broad base and a narrow tip.
The term alar is derived from the Latin word ala, meaning “wing.” It is commonly used to refer to the alar cartilages of the nose, which are two small triangular pieces of cartilage on either side of the nose that help give the nose its shape. Alar can also be used to describe certain eye membrane diseases, such as alar pannus, a type of corneal dystrophy.
Alar pannus is a degenerative eye condition in which the cornea becomes cloudy due to an accumulation of abnormal proteins. It is characterized by the presence of a grayish-white, fibrous membrane that resembles a wing. The membrane is formed due to the disruption of the basement membrane of the cornea, resulting in the accumulation of abnormal proteins. This causes the cornea to become cloudy and impair vision.
Aside from alar pannus, alar can also be used to describe the bone structure of the nasal septum, which is the wall of bone and cartilage that separates the nostrils. The nasal septum is composed of two alar processes, one on each side, which form the “wings” of the nose.
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Explain how Mendel's hypothesis of inheritance differed from the blending theory of inheritance.
Mendel's hypothesis of inheritance, also known as the particulate theory of inheritance, proposed that genetic information is discrete and passed on from parents to offspring in the form of discrete hereditary factors, or genes.
Difference Between Mendel's Hypothesis of Inheritance and the Blending Theory of InheritanceThis was in contrast to the blending theory of inheritance, which proposed that when two parents with different traits mate, the offspring will have a combination of those traits, or a blend of the traits of the parents. This means that the traits would become less distinct in each successive generation, eventually leading to a homogenous population. Mendel's hypothesis of inheritance, however, proposed that the traits of each parent are passed on to the offspring intact, so that the traits remain distinct in each successive generation.
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Choose THREE examples that correctly predict the effect of a change on the ecosystem.
B
A decrease in the desert tortoise population will cause a decrease in the rattlesnake population.
D
An increase in the desert cottontail population will cause a decrease in the yucca population.
E
An increase in the red-tailed hawk population will cause an increase in the rattlesnake population.
The effect of a change on the environment is accurately predicted by the statement, a drop in the rattlesnake population will result in an increase in the kangaroo rat population, hence option C is correct
What is a food web in an ecosystem?A food web in an ecosystem is a representation of the interactions between various organisms that are present in that ecosystem and help to determine its biomass and energy.
With the use of this information, we can thus observe that a food web in an ecosystem is created by production creatures as well as consumers,
Therefore, both of these are represented by various species that form many interrelated tiers.
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The given question is incomplete so, the most probable question is,
Choose the example that correctly predicts the effect of a change on the ecosystem.
A. A decrease in the desert tortoise population will cause a decrease in the rattlesnake population.
B. An increase in the desert cottontail population will cause a decrease in the yucca population.
C. A decrease in the rattlesnake population will cause an increase in the kangaroo rat population.
D. An increase in the red-tailed hawk population will cause an increase in the rattlesnake population.
A freckle is a concentrated spot of this pigment. O caroteneO keratinO melanin O cyano
A freckle is a concentrated spot of melanin pigment.
What is melanin pigment?A freckle is a dense concentration of melanin pigment. Melanin is a chemical found in your body that causes pigmentation in your hair, eyes, and skin. The darker your eyes, hair, and skin will be if you create more melanin. The quantity of melanin in your body is determined by several variables, including genetics and the amount of sun exposure your ancestors had. Melanin, in its different forms, performs a number of biological tasks, including skin and hair coloring as well as photoprotection of the skin and eyes. Pigmentation of the skin is caused by the formation of melanin-containing melanosomes in the epidermis's basal layer.
Here,
A freckle is a dense concentration of melanin pigment.
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When the muscle of the heart weakens, fluid can accumulate around the lungs and in the legs. This picture is common with ______.
When the muscle of the heart weakens, fluid can accumulate around the lungs and in the legs. This picture is common with congestive heart failure.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition in which the heart muscle weakens and is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. This can cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs and other parts of the body, causing breathing difficulties and swelling in the legs and feet.
Treatment for CHF usually involves lifestyle changes, such as eating a:
Healthy dietExercising regularlyAvoiding alcohol and smokingIn more advanced cases, medications and other treatments, such as a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), may be necessary.
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Which type of characteristic do thyroid and steroid hormones exert on target cells by way of nuclear receptors
Thyroid and steroid hormones exert a regulatory effect on target cells by way of nuclear receptors.
These hormones bind to receptors in the cell's nucleus, which then activate or repress specific genes. This causes the cell to produce different proteins, which in turn can alter the cell's function.
This process is essential for controlling many different physiological processes, such a:
metabolismgrowth and developmentreproduction, and response to stress.Thyroid and steroid hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands in the body:
Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic processes such as growth and development, while steroid hormones regulate metabolism and reproductive processes. Thyroid hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, while steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.These hormones travel through the bloodstream, attaching to specific receptors in target cells, which causes them to alter the cell's function.Learn more about nuclear receptors:
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Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have A. seeds B. vascular tissue C. flowers D. sexual reproduction the gametophyte is more obvious than the sporophyte.
Answer:
C is correct because angiosperms are the only organisms in the plant kingdom that create flowers.
Explanation:
A is incorrect because gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, ginkgo) also bear seeds.
B is incorrect because the majority of extant plants are vascular plants.
D is incorrect because the gametophyte in angiosperms is significantly reduced in size compared to that of gymnosperms.
Which of the following would have the highest albedo? Multiple Choice . asphalt forest fresh snow open water • soil . Which of the following statements is FALSE? Multiple Choice • A lot of the Sun's energy is used to heat water creating water vapor. Water vapor holds more heat than liquid water. This stored heat is called latent heat. Land provides far more water vapor (and latent heat) to enter the atmosphere than oceans. • The latent heat in water vapor can move heat from one place to another as the warm, moist air moves. When there is a lot of latent heat in water vapor, hurricanes and tornadoes can form. The climate is rainy at latitudes where convection cells warm and rise. The climate is dry at latitudes were convection cells cool and sink. . True or False
The greatest albedos of all surface features on Earth are found in snow and ice, which in some areas of Antarctica may reflect up to 90% of solar energy. Here option C is the correct answer.
The ALBEDO scale ranges from 0 (a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (a body that reflects all incident radiation), and it measures the diffuse reflection of solar energy out of the total solar radiation.
The freshest snow would have the highest albedo. Fresh snow has a high albedo of 80–90%, which is a measurement of how much solar radiation is reflected by a surface.
The false statement among the options is "Land provides far more water vapor (and latent heat) to enter the atmosphere than oceans." Land doesn't provide more water vapor than oceans, in fact, oceans are the main source of water vapor in the atmosphere, due to their large surface area, and their capacity to store a large amount of heat energy. Oceans provide more latent heat and water vapor to the atmosphere than land.
Complete question:
Which of the following would have the highest albedo? Multiple Choice.
A - Asphalt
B - forest
C - fresh snow
D - open water
E - soil
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A cell signal called ______ is produced by mast cells. These molecules cause more fluid to spread to an infected area. _______ are the types of cells that produce antibodies. All pathogens have unique identifying molecules on their surfaces called ______. Antibodies bind to these, and targeting the pathogen to be destroyed by the immune system. ______ is a non-specific response to disease, in which the body temperature rises.
Answer:
Histamine
B cells
Antigens
Adaptive immune response
Explanation:
A cell signal called histamine is produced by mast cells. These molecules cause more fluid to spread to an infected area. B cells are the types of cells that produce antibodies. All pathogens have unique identifying molecules on their surfaces called antigens Antibodies bind to these, and targeting the pathogen to be destroyed by the immune system.Adaptive immune response is a non-specific response to disease, in which the body temperature rises.#SPJ4
a muscle producing its maximum tension for a prolonged period is in __________.
A muscle producing its maximum tension for a prolonged period is in incomplete tetanus.The cross-sectional area of the muscle fibre and the frequency of brain stimulation determine how much tension is generated.
A persistent muscle contraction known as a tetanic contraction is generated when the motor neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle releases action potentials at a very fast rate. It is also known as a tetanized state, tetanus, or physiologic tension. Compared to isometric or concentric contractions, muscles can produce more force under eccentric stimulations. Within a sarcomere, the maximum tension is created when thick and thin filaments overlap to the greatest extent; stretching the sarcomere results in reduced tension.
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The energy for sensory transduction by the lateral line system in fish comes from:
a. high-frequency sound waves transmitted in water
b. odors of prey
c. electrical signals in the water
d. water movements
e. thermal energy
The energy for sensory transduction by the lateral line system in fish comes from d. water movements.
In the somatosensory device the sensory transduction particularly entails the conversion of the mechanical sign along with pressure, pores and skin compression, stretch, vibration to electro-ionic impulses via the manner of mechanic transduction. It additionally consists of the sensory transduction associated with thermosetting and nociception. Sensory transduction is the manner through which residences inside our outside and inner surroundings emerge as encoded as nerve impulses. 2. It is carried through specialized structures, particularly sensory receptors. Sensory receptors range from unmarried cells to complicated feel organs.
Thus, option c is the correct option.
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3. in contrast to transporters, channel proteins in cellular membrane: a: undergo a conformational change every time they transport an ion solute b: can only mediate passive transport c: form pores that are always open d: are always controlled by voltage
In contrast to the transporters, the channel proteins present in the cellular membrane can only mediate passive transport.
Active transport is a type of transport which requires energy for the movement of molecules through the cellular membrane whereas passive transport is a type of transport in which there is no expenditure of energy when the molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
All channel proteins present in the cellular membrane and many of the carrier proteins allow solutes to cross the membrane only via passive transport or facilitated diffusion. This is because the substances can only move through these channel proteins along the concentration gradient.
Hence, the correct option is b. can only mediate passive transport.
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the coxal joint is most likely found in ________ region of the body.
Answer: Hip region
Explanation:
Thin, broad bones should be classified as:
O flat bones.
O short bones
O irregular bones.
O long bones.
Thin, broad bones should be classified as flat bones.
Flat bones are those whose main purpose is to either provide vast protection or wide surfaces for muscle attachment. The sternum, skull, and rib cage are examples of bones that have grown into broad, flat plates. The occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, hip bone, sternum, ribs, and scapulae are among the flat bones.
These bones are made up of two thin layers of compact bone that are sandwiched by varying amounts of cancellous bone, which is where the red bone marrow is located. The majority of red blood cells in an adult are created in flat bones.
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If genetic researchers found a way to change a person’s genes, would they be able to cure hemophilia? Why or why not?
Answer:
It is possible that genetic researchers may be able to develop a way to change a person's genes to cure hemophilia. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene responsible for producing clotting factors. If researchers could find a way to replace or repair the mutated gene, it is possible that a cure for hemophilia could be developed. However, due to the complexity of the genetic code, this is still a long way off and may require further research and development.
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What industry played a major role in some of the first discoveries in Earth Science?
He made the discovery of the simultaneous descent of objects of various masses in the motion of uniformly accelerated objects. Galileo announced his first scientific discovery of the telescope on August 21, 1609, to the world's awe.
What is Earth science?The study of the Earth's structure, characteristics, processes, and 4.5 billion years of biotic development is known as earth science. Maintaining life on the earth requires an understanding of these phenomena.
The study of the earth's atmosphere (meteorology or atmospheric science), the water flowing on and beneath the surface of continents (hydrology), and the planet's seas and oceans are frequently included under the umbrella of "earth science" in general usage (oceanography or ocean sciences).
Thus, these are some of the first discoveries in Earth Science.
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The most common phenotype in a natural population is referred to as the _______.A. autosomeB. wild typeC. mutant phenotypeD. genotype
Option b is Correct. The term "wild type" refers to the phenotype that occurs most frequently in a natural population.
Mendel suggested that a gene could have no more than two alleles, one dominant and one recessive. We now understand that this is being simplified. Despite the fact that humans (and all other diploid species) can only have two alleles for any particular gene, populations may include several alleles, leading to the observation of numerous two-allele combinations.
Remember that the term "wild type" (commonly abbreviated "+") is used to refer to the most prevalent phenotype or genotype in the natural population when multiple alleles of the same gene exist. All other phenotypes or genotypes, which depart from the wild type, are regarded as variations (mutants) of this typical form.
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Cortisol binds to _____ receptors and has the effect of _____ blood glucose levels.
A. intracellular, raising
B. intracellular, lowering
C. membrane-bound, raising
D. membrane-bound, lowering
Cortisol's affinity for intracellular receptors raises blood sugar levels
The primary stress hormone, cortisol, elevates blood sugar (glucose), enhances the brain's ability to use it, and increases the amount of substances that can be used to repair cells. Cortisol also inhibits physiological activities that would be superfluous or harmful in a fight-or-flight situation.Humans have created cortico steroids, which are drugs that closely resemble the hormone cortisol, which is created naturally by your adrenal glands.In response to stress, hormones and nerves send messages to various sections of the body. In response to these signals, your adrenal glands release hormones including cortisol and adrenaline. A spike in the body's blood sugar is the result.
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You measure the absorbance of a bacterial culture two hours after inoculating a sterile medium, and then you continue to measure the absorbance every two hours for a total of 3 days. If you plotted the absorbance over time, what would the graph look like? Multiple Choice RoomO it would decrease and then level of References O It would increase, level off, and then dramatically decreaseO It would decrease the level off and then dramatically increase O it would increase and the level off
When the absorbance was plotted over time, it would first rise and then level off.
The absorbance is measured and a sigmoid curve is produced.
The number of bacteria cells was initially low following the injection since they were still in the adaptation phase (lag phase) and their optical densities had barely changed. Later, when the cells reach the log phase and the optical density rises, the number grows. Later, when nutrients are depleted and waste builds up, the culture enters stationary phase, growth slows, and the optical density value levels out.
The logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample is known as absorbance.
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Which of the following types of genetic drift is often used by humans to isolate specific characteristics so that they can then be eliminated? genetic bottleneck founder effect inbreeding outbreeding
Inbreeding is a type of genetic drift is often used by humans to isolate specific characteristics so that they can then be eliminated. Thus, the correct option is C.
What is Inbreeding?Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of two individuals or organisms which are closely related genetically to each other. This term is used in human reproduction, however it more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences as well which may arise from the expression of deleterious or recessive traits that are resulting from incestuous sexual relationships and consanguinity between relate individuals.
The two main negative consequences of inbreeding include an increased risk of undesirable genes and the reduction in genetic diversity of a species. The House of Habsburg may be the best example of the effects of inbreeding in humans.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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How many pairs of homologous chromosomes are there in meiosis 1?
Meiosis consists of two rounds of cell division followed by no periods of DNA replication. This method cuts the number of chromosomes in half.
Human cells have 23 chromosomal pairs, with each chromosome inside a pair known as a homologous chromosome.
Before meiosis II, homologous pairs of cells exist and divide into chromosomes. During meiosis II, these chromosomes are separated into sister chromatids. Crossing over or recombination of genetic material occurs during meiosis I but not during meiosis II.
The first meiotic division results in the formation of two haploid cells. Because there is only one of each pair of homologous chromosomes at each pole, the cells are haploid.
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The protist group that is most closely related to animals is a _________.
A. Euglena
B. Choanocyte
C. Chytrid
D. Choanoflagellate
E. Nucleariid
D. Choanoflagellate
Choanoflagellates are the protists most firmly connected with creatures. Choanocytes are wipe cells that unequivocally look like choanoflagellates and line the creature's depressions.
In creatures, respective evenness is constantly connected with the B. improvement of a head. Creatures with reciprocal evenness frequently have a foremost head, a back tail, a top, and a base, as well as a right and a left side.
Most creature phyla have a place with the clade Radiata. All creatures share a typical predecessor. It is remembered to have been a protist like a choanoflagellate.
There are four fundamental sorts of creatures like protists; these are single adaptable cells, lashes, ciliates, and sporozoans.
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