Also known as Negative-pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE). It is defined as the acute cause of failure in the respiratory organs. Negative pressure in the lungs can be caused by;
Intense effort in breathing against an obstructed air path where the top airway is infected, laryngospasm and in some cases tumors. This goes on to cause negative airway pressure in the patients suffering from the condition. This pressure increases fluid filtration and precipitate interstitial and alveolar edema. In the first of the condition, pulmonary fluid edema is collected and if positive it will reveal a low protein concentration. If affected, the first step focuses on the obstructed upper airway. It should receive supportive care to help repair the problem. This can be done by introducing lung-protective positive-pressure ventilation, cricothyroidotomy, and and diuresis but only if the patient is not in shock.
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Explain how the atom is a part of the electrical current process
Answer:
The atom is a fundamental unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, while the electrons orbit the nucleus in a set of shells or energy levels. In the electrical current process, atoms play a key role in the movement of electrons through a conductor.
When an electrical current is applied to a conductor, the electrons within the atoms of the conductor are forced to move through the material. This movement of electrons is called an electric current. The movement of the electrons is caused by the difference in electrical potential between two points, which creates an electric field that acts on the electrons.
The movement of the electrons through the conductor is influenced by the structure of the atoms in the conductor. For example, a conductor with a high number of free electrons, such as copper, will allow the electrical current to flow more easily than a conductor with fewer free electrons, such as steel. The resistance of a conductor to the flow of an electrical current is known as electrical resistance, and it is influenced by the number of free electrons available to carry the current and the structure of the atoms in the conductor.
Overall, the atom plays a central role in the electrical current process, as the movement of the electrons within the atoms is what allows the electrical current to flow through a conductor.
Explanation:
Electrical insulators (resistors) are used to
Answer:
restore the power to the thing that lost power
High altitude sickness is due to travel from near sea level to altitude ……… thousand feet
High altitude sickness is due to travel from near sea level to an altitude higher than 8,000 feet.
If you decide to travel towards a destination that is situated at an elevation higher than 8,000 feet above sea level or higher, you may be at risk for altitude illness, which is caused by low oxygen levels in the air.
To avoid this, simply do the following:
Do not drink alcohol or do heavy exercise for at least the first 48 hours after you arrive at an elevation above 8,000 feet.Ascend gradually (slowly) and give your body to adjust to lower O2 levels.Consult a doctor nearby and take medicines to prevent acute mountain sickness.What is the relationship between a molecule of DNA and a chromosome?
Answer: In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure
Explanation:
Which of the following is an example of how continental drift can determine the climate
This drift also had an impact on the climate because it changed the physical features of the landmass and the position of water bodies.
How do climate clues explain continental drift?Explain how Wegener used climate signs to support his hypothesis of continental drift. Wegener hypothesized that Spitsbergen drifted from a tropical field to the arctic. Wegener also used continental drift to analyze evidence of glaciers found in temperate and tropical areas.
The easy way to describe climate is to look at average temperature and drizzle over time. The separation of the landmasses changed the flow of ocean currents and winds, which pompous the climate. The evidence for continental drift involved the fit of the continents; the issue of ancient fossils, rocks, and mountain ranges; and the locations of ancient climatic zones.
So we can conclude that There is also much climate evidence supporting continental drift, the most remarkable of which is a glacial activity
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How is the scientific law different for scientific theory?
Scientific laws are summaries or declarations that include a wide variety of observations and experimental findings. On the other hand, scientific theories offer explanations for findings and observations. Therefore, laws define what occurs, and theories explain why it does.
A fact is a straightforward observation, but a law is a statement (typically a mathematical equation) describing the relationship between facts. A scientific theory is different from a scientific fact or law in that it explains "why" or "how." A scientific law is an account of an occurrence. That occurrence can be explained by scientific theory.
In other words, while scientific laws predict what will happen in a natural event, scientific theories are ideas that explain natural events. The functions of scientific laws and hypotheses differ.
A scientific law foretells the outcomes of particular initial circumstances. It may tell you what color hair your unborn child would have or how far a baseball will travel when launched at a specific angle. In contrast, a theory seeks to offer the most plausible justification for why events take place the way they do.
A hypothesis may use gravity to explain the parabolic flight of a baseball or dominant and recessive genes to explain how brown-haired parents produced a red-headed child. Simply put, a theory suggests why something occurs while a law predicts what will happen.
Although the growth of one frequently spurs advancement on the other, a theory will never mature into law. we constantly propose, criticize, update, or even replace our scientific theories.
Even if there may still be gaps in our understanding, scientists tend to favor the hypothesis that can explain the majority of the facts after more research. Even false notions can be useful.
Modern chemistry was developed from discredited alchemy, and medicine advanced much before we fully comprehended the functions of germs and viruses. Nevertheless, improved ideas frequently result in fascinating new findings that were unthinkable in the past.
Furthermore, we shouldn't take it for granted that all of our scientific hypotheses will hold up over time. It only takes one unexpected outcome to upset the current quo.
A current scientific theory is not made weaker by its susceptibility to some hypothetical superior explanation, though. Rather, it protects science from becoming unquestionable dogma. A good scientific law is like a well-tuned machine that does its job flawlessly but doesn't know why it accomplishes it that way.
A strong scientific theory resembles a battered but unbowed warrior who runs the risk of losing if they can't overcome or adjust to the next challenger. Though they are distinct, science requires both laws and theories to grasp the big picture.
Scientific laws are distinct from theories in that they typically describe a more limited range of circumstances. The link between two particular forces or between two substances that are changing during a chemical reaction may be explained by scientific law. Theories usually cover a wider range of topics and concentrate on the how and why of natural events.
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Prevent change of pH = 100% x (pH 1.46 -pH 7.00) / (pH 7.00)
Answer:
Solving this equation gives a result of approximately -79%
Explanation:
It appears that you are trying to calculate the percentage change in pH between two values, pH 1.46 and pH 7.00. To do this, you can use the formula:
Percentage change in pH = 100% x (pH 1.46 - pH 7.00) / (pH 7.00)
Plugging in the values, the formula becomes:
Percentage change in pH = 100% x (-5.54) / 7.00
Solving this equation gives a result of approximately -79%. This means that there was a 79% decrease in pH from pH 1.46 to pH 7.00.
It is important to note that this formula is used to calculate the percentage change in pH between two values. If you are trying to prevent a change in pH, the formula would not be applicable.
10 1 point
10. A bacterium can reproduce quickly by splitting into two cells. Which of these BEST describes the genetic make-up of the resu
They have half of the amount of genetic material, which grows in size
They have the same amount of genetic material and are identical
They have the same amount of genetic material but are not identical
They have half the amount of genetic material, but then it duplicates itself
Previous
If a bacterium can reproduce quickly by splitting into two cells, then statement B. They have the same amount of genetic material and are identical BEST describes their genetic make-up of the resulting bacteria.
What are asexual cell division processes?Asexual cell division processes such as binary fission in bacteria are well known to produce genetically identical bacteria from a parental cell in a similar manner to mitosis in eukaryotic cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that asexual cell division processes are capable of generating identical cells with the same genetic material.
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Value: 1
What are the following structures examples of?
• Respiratory Tract
. Gastrointestinal Tract
. Mucous Membranes
• Skin Lesions/Cuts/Abrasions what are the following structures examples of respiratory tract Castrian no tetrad, mucous membrane skin lesions, cuts abrasion
These are all examples of entry or exit
Respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mucous Membranes , Skin Lesions/Cuts/Abrasions are portals of entry or exit
What is gastrointestinal tract?
The gastrointestinal system includes mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. It also includes salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which make digestive juices and enzymes that help body digest food and liquids.
what are mucus membranes?
moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach). Glands in mucous membrane make mucus (a thick, slippery fluid), Also called mucosa.
Skin lesions are areas of your skin that are different from skin around them. Skin lesions are common and may be the result of an injury or damage to your skin, like sunburn. They're sometimes sign of underlying conditions, like infections or autoimmune diseases.
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Looking at the picture to the left, which body system(s) are greatly affected by this disorder
Answer:
d
Explanation:
What are the logical target organs for cancer related to coal mining? Can you think of other organs that may be affected by the coal dust?
In conclusion, the weight of the scientific literature suggests that coal mine dust does not increase lung cancer risk.
Does coal dust cause cancer?Pneumoconioses, sometimes known as "dusty lung," can lead to debilitation, incapacity, and even early death. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) and silicosis are the two primary pneumoconioses that plague miners. Coal mining employees are susceptible to CWP, often known as black lung. human health effects of mining contamination
Typically, metals are also released into the atmosphere as particles. The risks to miners' occupational health are numerous as well. The majority of miners have various respiratory and skin conditions such black lung disease, silicosis, or asbestosis.
Inhaling coal dust can cause coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), also referred to as "black lung sickness." Your ability to breathe is hampered over time by lung scarring brought on by prolonged exposure to coal dust. It is more prevalent in coal miners and is regarded as an occupational lung disease.
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In conclusion, the majority of the scientific research points to no increased risk of lung cancer due to coal mine dust.
Does coal dust have a link to cancer?Pneumoconioses, also referred to as "dusty lung," can cause disability, incapacity, and even early death. The two main pneumoconioses that afflict miners are coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) and silicosis. Employees in the coal mining industry are vulnerable to CWP, also called black lung. mining pollution's impact on human healthMetals are frequently discharged into the atmosphere as small particles as well. The dangers to the occupational health of miners are numerous as well. The majority of miners suffer from numerous respiratory and skin disorders such black lung disease, silicosis, or asbestosis.For more information on lung cancer kindly visit to
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The diagram shows an incomplete cross-section of a cell membrane. Three different particles are shown moving across the membrane into or
out of the cell. Determine the appropriate transport mechanism of each particle and move the correct membrane segment into each blank box to
complete the cross-section diagram. "Move only ONE membrane segment into each box. (1 point)
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The appropriate transport mechanism of each particle includes the channel proteins, phospholipids, and ATP pump.
What is Facilitated diffusion?Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of solute particles through the transport proteins such as channel proteins in the plasma membrane of the cell. Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. Even though facilitated diffusion involves the transport of proteins, this method of transport is still an example of passive transport because the solute particles in this transport is moving down the concentration gradient and it does not require ATP.
The appropriate transport mechanism of each of the particle in the given diagram includes the channel proteins, phospholipids, and ATP pump.
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Rock pocket mice (chaetodipus intermedius) in the american southwest can have light brown fur or dark brown fur. these mice live on a landscape that includes light sand and dark lava rock. mice that are camouflaged in the landscape are less likely to be caught by owls, which are their main predators. scientists determined that dark brown fur in rock pocket mice is caused by a mutation in a gene called mc1r. mice with dark brown fur have this mutation, whereas mice with light brown fur do not.if a population made up of light and dark mice was moved from an area with light sand and dark rock to an area with only light sand, which of the following describes the most likely result?
The majority of populations of rock pocket mice have pale, tawny fur that matches perfectly of both the sandy rocks where they inhabit. On the other hand, black, volcanic rock rock formations are home to darker-colored rock pocket mice.
Perognathus intermedius Merriam's Rock Pocket Mouse is a geographical variation that is found just on Perdro Armendariz Lava Flow in South-Central New Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation. Portales' Eastern New Mexican College
It primarily consumes plant seeds and digs tiny burrows in the ground near or under pebbles to hide from owls, its major predator. Beginning in February and March, the breeding season lasts for a few months, and the number of births is usually around three and six. The tail is about 10 cm longer than the body, as is the case with most pocket mice.
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Which of these is one characteristic of topographic maps?
A. Contain counter lines to display elevation
B. Contain information about types of vegetation
C. Contain weather and climate information
D. Contain satellite images of land masses
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
A topographic map is a detailed and accurate illustration of man-made and natural features on the ground such as roads, railways, power transmission lines, contours, elevations, rivers, lakes and geographical names. The topographic map is a two-dimensional representation of the Earth's three-dimensional landscape.
2. What is cytokinesis, and when does it take place?
What it is:
Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.
When it takes place:
Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and meiosis.
Answer:
Explanation:
It is the final step of meiosis or mitosis where the cytoplasmic division of a cell results into two new daughter cell.
Basically last step of one cell going into two new cells (cyto = cells, kinesis = movement)
Which condition would most likely require the National Weather Service to issue a severe thunderstorm warning?
Answer:
A severe thunderstorm warning is typically issued by the National Weather Service when a thunderstorm is expected to produce winds of 58 mph or higher (50 knots or higher), hail that is at least 1 inch in diameter, and/or a tornado.
Explanation:
A severe thunderstorm warning is issued by the National Weather Service when a thunderstorm is expected to produce winds of 58 mph or higher, which can cause damage to buildings and power outages.
Additionally, a severe thunderstorm warning can be issued if the storm is expected to produce hail that is at least 1 inch in diameter, which can cause damage to vehicles, homes and crops.
Furthermore, a severe thunderstorm warning can also be issued if a tornado is expected to develop within the thunderstorm, which is one of the most dangerous type of weather events.
These warnings are typically issued by meteorologists after analyzing radar and other data, and are used to alert the public and emergency management officials to take appropriate action to protect life and property.
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Answer: a meeting of two air masses with major differences in temperature.
Explanation: I did a quick check and this was the answer.
Explain the path of the "pollution".
Answer:
Pollution refers to the presence or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. Pollution can take many forms, including air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. Air pollution is the contamination of the air by harmful substances such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, which can be produced by the burning of fossil fuels or the release of chemicals from industrial processes. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, by harmful substances such as pesticides, fertilizers, and industrial waste. Soil pollution is the contamination of soil by harmful substances such as heavy metals and toxic chemicals, which can be released into the environment through industrial processes or the improper disposal of waste. Pollution can have serious consequences for both human health and the environment, including respiratory problems, cancer, and the degradation of natural habitats.
Explanation:
2. Given what you are learning about photosynthesis, why were the plants not growing?
Fully explain.
3. Why are the plants dying? Include details. (Research Aatrex)
4. What does Heidi need to do to fix the problem?
5. If you were John, explaining why Heidi's plants are dying, what would you say to her?
Too much light energy would damage plants' biological structure and prevent photosynthesis from happening. This is why the photosynthetic process, in general, shuts down during the hottest hours of the day.
What do you mean by photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities.
The energy from light causes a chemical reaction that breaks down the molecules of carbon dioxide and water and reorganizes them to make the sugar (glucose) and oxygen gas.
The main purpose of photosynthesis is to convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy that can be used for food.
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How is gas exchange regulated at the organ system level?
Gas exchange takes place in the lungs, which are purple organs located within the thoracic cage. Each lung has a conical form and a spongy, highly elastic substance.
What gas exchange regulated at the organ system level?The respiratory system's main function is to perform gas exchange. For this gas exchange mechanism, the alveoli get air through pulmonary ventilation. Gases pass the respiratory membrane, where the alveolar and capillary walls meet, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to leave.
Therefore, Fish's gills and lungs are where gas exchange with air occurs in order for the fish to breathe. Blood that is oxygen-deficient and is being produced by cells absorbs oxygen from the lungs' air.
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Colonies are defined as "loose associations of independent cells." Why are sponges considered to have surpassed that level of organization?
Sponges typically have a loose association of cells with specialized independence that also lack cooperation and coordination of functions.
What are Sponges?Sponges are porous, dense aquatic animals with skeletons and are highly adapted to their environments. Frontispiece are 4 bearing sponges while they are 4 bearing animals and they are having cell differentiation to perform different functions especially to differentiate.
They are members of the phylum Porifera which means 'pore bearer'. They are a basal animal clade as sister to the diploblasts and are multicellular organisms whose bodies are filled with pores and channels that allow water to circulate through them, with a jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.
The work of the body is made up of the body which is made up of an outer layer and that outer layer is known as the pinacoderm and where, as the inner layer which is known here as the condom sponge as they have canals.
Thus, Sponges typically have a loose association of cells with specialized independence that also lack cooperation and coordination of functions.
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The latitude of particular ecosystem determines the climate zone of the ecosystem. What type of seasonal variation occurs in ecosystems in temperate zones, which are latitudes between 23.5 degrees and 66.5 degrees?
Ecosystems in temperate zones, which are located between 23.5 degrees and 66.5 degrees latitude, experience a seasonal variation characterized by warm summers and cool winters. The variation in temperature between the seasons is generally greater in the interior regions of continents and at higher elevations, and the temperature differences can be more dramatic than those near the coast. This variation in temperature leads to distinct changes in the vegetation and animal life that can be found in these ecosystems.
What are the components that make up ecosystems?An ecosystem is a set formed by the interactions between biotic components, such as living organisms: plants, animals and microbes, and abiotic components, chemical and physical elements, such as air, water, soil and minerals.
How does the ecosystem work?An ecosystem is a dynamic system, where communities of plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms constantly interact with each other through trophic and reproductive relationships, as well as interacting with the physical factors of the environment - water, light, air, minerals and nutrients.
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You have been tasked with writing a blog for a popular website that discusses controversial topics. The topic you have been given is GMOs, or genetically modified organisms. Make sure to answer the following questions in your blog:
What are GMOs and give 2 examples.
List 2 benefits and 2 risks of using GMOs.
State your position (are you for or against the use of GMOs) regarding GMOs.
Provide at least 2 reasons for your position.
The main goals of GM crops typically include resistance to specific pests, diseases, or environmental factors as well as resistance to chemical treatments.
Why are genetically modified organisms?An organism that has had its DNA altered through the use of genetic engineering methods is referred to as a genetically modified organism (GMO). Breeding techniques have been used by humans to alter creatures for thousands of years. Dogs, livestock, and even corn have all undergone years of selective breeding to develop specific desired features.
The common goals of GM crops include resistance to specific pests, diseases, or environmental factors as well as resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide). Enhancing a crop's nutritional value is another reason for genetic manipulation, as is the case with golden rice.
DNA insertion into an organism's genome is a technique used in genetic engineering (GE).
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the bright blue hyacinth macaw , subsists on a diet of brazil nuts, which it cracks open using its enormous beak. no error
The sentence above needs to :
Remove the comma (before the word "subsist"). Capital letters at the beginning of the sentence. Uppercase letter at the beginning of the word "Brazil"So the sentence becomes:
The bright blue hyacinth macaw , subsists on a diet of Brazil nuts, which it cracks open using its enormous beak.
About hyacinth macawThe hyacinth macaw is possibly the most stunning of the macaw family, and is certainly the largest. It is the largest of all parrots. Originally from Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, the hyacinth is the “Great Dane” of companion birds, with the mature male reaching over 40 inches in length. Very few people actually have a hyacinth macaw as a companion, and will probably only have the pleasure of seeing one in a zoo or a larger bird shop. Despite its size, penchant for destruction, loudness and expense, this blue macaw is the penultimate companion bird for the person who has the time, patience and wallet to properly keep this beautiful beast.
The hyacinth macaw is a stunning cobalt color all over its body, with a ring of bright yellow around its eye and the same color yellow at the base and the corners of its beak. It is often referred to simply as a “blue macaw.” The hyacinth is not twice as large as other large macaws, though its big personality makes other macaws seem like dwarves in its presence.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was:
the bright blue hyacinth macaw , subsists on a diet of brazil nuts, which it cracks open using its enormous beak.
Is it true writing of the sentence above no error?
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Match the aerobic respiration step with the correct location where it occurs in the cell in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes. Krebs cycle in prokaryotes Krebs cycle in eukaryotes electron transport in prokaryotes electron transport in eukaryotes mitochondrial matrix inner mitochondrial membrane cytosol cell membrane
The aerobic respiration step with the correct location where it occurs in the cell in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes:
Krebs cycle in prokaryotes - cytosol cell membraneKrebs cycle in eukaryotes - Mitochondrial matrixElectron transport in prokaryotes - Cell membraneElectron transport in eukaryotes- Inner mitochondrial membraneCellulаr respirаtion is а metаbolic pаthwаy thаt breаks down glucose аnd produces АTP. The stаges of cellulаr respirаtion include glycolysis, pyruvаte oxidаtion, the citric аcid or Krebs cycle, аnd oxidаtive phosphorylаtion.
During cellulаr respirаtion, а glucose molecule is grаduаlly broken down into cаrbon dioxide аnd wаter. Аlong the wаy, some АTP is produced directly in the reаctions thаt trаnsform glucose. Much more АTP, however, is produced lаter in а process cаlled oxidаtive phosphorylаtion. Oxidаtive phosphorylаtion is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron trаnsport chаin, а series of proteins embedded in the inner membrаne of the mitochondrion.
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The diagram represents part of a DNA molecule. The pitch is the length of one complete turn in the double helix. There are 10 base pairs in one pitch. Calculate the distance between one base and the next base on one strand of dna
The double helix DNA is made up of two helices which turns after every 10 base pairs at a distance of about 3.4 nm. This distance in the DNA molecule is called pitch. The distance between the two base pairs is 0.34 nm.
What is a DNA helix?
A DNA molecule is made up of two linked strands which wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder in the helix-like shape. Each of the DNA strand has a backbone which is made up of alternating sugar molecules which are deoxyribose and phosphate groups. These are attached to each sugar molecule which is one of four nitrogenous bases which include adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
The double helix DNA molecule turns after every 10 base pairs in the DNA at a distance of about 3.4 nm. This distance in this molecule is called pitch. The distance between two base pairs is 0.34 nm.
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1. Explain what takes place during G₁ and G₂ of the cell cycle.
Answer:
G1 phase is the first phase of the interphase of the cell cycle in which cell shows a growth by synthesizing proteins and other molecules.
G2 phase is the third phase of interphase of the cell cycle in which cell prepares for nuclear division by making necessary proteins and other components.
According to the passage, what total length of DNA is found in the average human cell before it is condensed for mitosis?
A. 0.3 m
B. 0.9 m
C. 1.8 m
D. 2.6 m
Answer: C. 1.8 m
Explanation:
Project Assignment: Visit any hospital, health post, health center or medical clinic of your near by and describe its facilities and services on reproductive health and contraception.
Explanation:
facilities:cameras tv
services:unforgettable earlyness
Compare both communities with regards to species richness and evenness
Community 1 has greater richness while community 2 has greater evenness.
How is it possible to identify richness and evenness?Richness is the term that refers to the number of different species in the same place.Eveness is the term that refers to the homogeneity of species in the same area.Community number 1 has many trees of different species that are spread in the same region. In ecology, it is customary to call this situation richness, showing that the area is rich in species.
Community number 2 has different species in smaller numbers, as most of the trees present in the area belong to the same species. This means that this area has little diversity, but a lot of evenness.
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what two processes does the energy in the atmosphere drive on earth
Most of the energy in the Earth's atmosphere system comes from just a few sources: solar energy, gravity, and the rotation of the Earth
What are the 2 sources of energy in the Earth's atmosphere?The earth-atmosphere energy stability is the balance between incoming energy from the Sun and warm energy from the Earth. The energy released from the Sun is emitted as shortwave light and ultraviolet energy.
Energy is conveyed between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere in various ways, involving radiation, conduction, and convection. Conduction is one of the three main ways heat energy moves from site to place. The other two ways heat moves around are radiation and conduction.
So we can conclude that There are three ways heat is moved into and through the atmosphere: radiation. conduction. convection.
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