Gram Staining: Gram staining is a laboratory procedure used to identify big bacterial groupings using staining techniques. To identify between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan is stained. The gram staining procedures involve the use of a counterstain, iodine decolorizer, and crystal violet dye.
Why does this occur?Because they have a thick peptidoglycan coating, gram-positive bacteria show up violet during the gram staining procedure. A crystal violet stain is still present in the thick layer. The gram-negative bacteria are covered in a thin layer of peptidoglycan and lose their violet color throughout the decolorization process. Iodine serves as a mordant rather than a stain. The peptidoglycan layer aids in holding the crystal violet in place. In the absence of iodine, it would look purple rather than pink. The gram-positive bacteria's cell wall holds onto the violet hue and prevents it from leaking out during decolorization.
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Which best describes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?
Mitochondrial DNA is the same as nuclear DNA.
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited through the father.
Mitochondrial DNA can be traced for generations.
Mitochondrial DNA requires large amounts for testin
Mitochondrial DNA can be traced for generations best describes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
Mitochondrial DNA is the circular chromosome found inside the cellular organelles called mitochondria. Located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria are the site of the cell's energy production and other metabolic functions. Offspring inherit mitochondria and as a result mitochondrial DNA from their mother.
The mitochondrial genome is circular, whereas the nuclear genome is linear. The mitochondrial genome is built of 16,569 DNA base pairs, whereas the nuclear genome is made of 3.3 billion DNA base pairs. Unlike the DNA inside the nucleus, it is not a mixture of our parent's DNA, and each person's mtDNA is nearly identical to his or her mother's mtDNA.
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The protective mechanism that involves an external stimulus leading to an immediate muscular contraction is called?.
Answer:
a reflex arc.
Explanation:
Reflex arc is the term used to describe the body's immediate and involuntary response to arousal of a sensory nerve. For this to happen, the external stimulus is applied to the body and before reaching the brain, this stimulus receives a response in the body's marrow, causing an immediate involuntary muscle contraction without the will or awareness of the body.
g if the ecologist placed 12 kangaroo rats in the area between the patches and the animals followed an ideal free distribution, approximately how many individuals would be in each habitat?
8 in the high quality patch, and 4 in the low quality patch would be in each habitat.
What is a habitat?A habitat encompasses the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.
From the question, the ideal distribution between the two patches should be such that each of them receive the most per capita.
An organism habitat is any home that is a natural environment in which an animal, plant, or other organism lives.
There are basically three types of habitat which includes:
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which of the following characteristics is/are associated with rem sleep? group of answer choices a. sleep spindles b. delta waves c. declarative memory consolidation d. human growth hormone release e. muscle paralysis
The following characteristics which are associated with rem sleep include the following below:
delta waveshuman growth hormone releasemuscle paralysis.What is REM sleep?This is referred to as rapid eye movement sleep and it occur about an hour after an individual or animal falls asleep and is accompanied by an increase in breathing and heart rate.
This type of sleep is characterized by an increase in brain activity which results in the occurrence of dream. This type of sleep also involves a low muscle tone which is responsible for what causes the muscle paralysis which is experienced in this phase.
It occurs when the person isn't yet in deep sleep and leads to the increase in growth hormones in the body and the presence of delta waves which makes them the correct choices.
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List and describe the function of 3 common proteins
Keratin is a structural protein that is found in your skin, hair and nails. Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body and is the structural protein of your bones, tendons, ligaments and skin. Elastin is several hundred times more flexible than collagen.
Explanation:
I tried
an advantage to having ether-linked membrane lipids is that ether links choose one: a. use less cellular carbon, saving energy. b. allow cyclic rings to form. c. do not require an enzyme to form. d. are more stable and less likely to break.
An advantage to having ether-linked membrane lipids is that ether links are more stable and less likely to break.
Ether lipids are a distinct kind of glycerophospholipids that have an ether bond connecting an alkyl chain to the sn-1 position. In ether lipids, the alcohol moiety linked to the phosphate group is typically choline or ethanolamine, though inositol or serine have also been noted on occasion.
Because archaeal membranes naturally function in a wide range of temperatures, they typically do not need to modify their lipid composition to temperature changes in the same way that bacteria do.
The ether-linkage gives the membrane increased chemical stability. The side chains themselves, which are unbranched fatty acids in bacteria and eukaryotes and isoprenoid chains in archaea, account for the third and fourth differences. Branching side chains may be present in these isoprenoid chains.
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Magma that forms subduction zones is high in which volatile substance? 20 points
Answer:
The most abundant volatile in magma is water (H 2 O), followed typically by carbon dioxide (CO 2), and then by sulphur dioxide (SO 2)
Explanation:
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A________ is a notable feature or quality (like eye color) that has different forms in a population.
O fertilization
O trait
O gamete
O pedigree
Answer:c gamete
Explanation:
A
Which of the following is a reasonable claim the researchers can make based on the data in the graphs?
B
C
2
Crabs are more abundant in areas with high salinity than in areas with low salinity.
Crab populations are most limited where salinity range between 10 and 15 psu.
3
Salinity does not influence crab populations because the number of crabs fluctuates across the five sites.
D Crab populations are larger in areas with low salinity than in areas with high salinity.
5
The answer is A. Crabs are more abundant in areas with high salinity than in areas with low salinity is a reasonable claim the researchers can make based on the data in the graphs.
Explanation:
A) Crabs are more abundant in areas with high salinity than in areas with low salinity
This is a reasonable claim because the data in the graphs show that the average number of crabs per trap is higher in sites 1 and 2, which have the highest salinity levels, than in sites 3, 4, and 5, which have lower salinity levels. The claim is also supported by the error bars, which indicate the range of variation in the data. The error bars for sites 1 and 2 do not overlap with the error bars for sites 3, 4, and 5, suggesting that the difference in crab abundance between the high and low salinity sites is statistically significant.
B) Crab populations are most limited where salinity range between 10 and 15 psu.
This is not a reasonable claim because the data in the graphs do not show a clear relationship between salinity and crab abundance in this range. Site 3 has a salinity of about 10 psu and a low average number of crabs per trap, but site 4 has a similar salinity and a higher average number of crabs per trap. Site 5 has a salinity of about 15 psu and a low average number of crabs per trap, but site 2 has a higher salinity and a much higher average number of crabs per trap. The claim is also not supported by the error bars, which show a large overlap in the data for sites 3, 4, and 5, suggesting that the difference in crab abundance among these sites is not statistically significant.
C) Salinity does not influence crab populations because the number of crabs fluctuates across the five sites.
This is not a reasonable claim because the data in the graphs do show a general trend of higher crab abundance in higher salinity sites, as explained in claim A. The claim also ignores the possible effects of other factors that may influence crab populations, such as temperature, food availability, predation, and competition. The claim is too simplistic and does not account for the variability and complexity of the data.
D) Crab populations are larger in areas with low salinity than in areas with high salinity.
This is not a reasonable claim because the data in the graphs show the opposite trend, as explained in claim A. The claim is contradicted by the evidence and does not reflect the data.
PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer:
After pollination, these gametes move to the ovule, where they combine with female gametes, which also contain half the quota of chromosomes. This process is called fertilisation. After fertilisation, the combined cell grows into an embryo inside a seed.
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A student conducted an original, well-designed experiment, carefully following proper scientific procedure. In order for the conclusions to become generally accepted, the experiment must
For the experiment to have an accepted conclusion it must be repeated so as to verify reliability of the data.
Any important results must be more than a one-off finding and be naturally repeatable, according to the reliability theory. It must be possible for other researchers to conduct the exact same experiment, under the identical circumstances, and produce the same outcomes. The experiment and research may have not met all testability requirements without this replication of statistically significant results. This condition must be met for a hypothesis to become a recognized scientific truth. In general, it is acceptable to anticipate that the instruments will continue to be precise and truthful.
The scientific community is more likely to accept your conclusion if you built your experiment with validity and reliability in mind.
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Your question is incomplete, for the full question please refer:
A student carried out a unique, well-planned experiment while meticulously adhering to the rules of science. The experiment has to be the following for the conclusions to be widely accepted:
contains the several experimental variablessupport original hypothesisbe repeated to verify reliability of databe conducted by any scientist.the ld50 indicates the . a. lowest dose that kills any member of the population b. amount of toxicant it takes to kill half the population c. lowest dose that kills 50 out of 1000 members of the population d. lowest dose required to cure half of the population
(b) "amount of toxicant it takes to kill half the population" is what the ld50 indicates.
The median lethal dose, also known as LD50 (short for "lethal dosage, 50%"), LC50 (short for "lethal concentration, 50%") or LCt50, is a hazardous measurement that calculates the deadly dose of a disease, toxin, or radiation.
The dose necessary to cause the death of 50% of a population under test after a predetermined test period is known as the LD50 value for a drug. Commonly used as a broad indicator of a substance's acute toxicity are LD50 values.
Greater toxicity is indicated by a lower LD50. It shows how much poisonous substance is required to eliminate half the population.
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a phagehunter plates 400 phage particles onto a pyca plate with gordonia terrae. the burst size of the phage is 50 phage particles per round of replication. after three rounds of replication, how many phage particles are present on this plate?
The number of phage particles present on this plate is 60000.
A phage particle consists of a single form of nucleic acid (both DNA or RNA) and a protein capsid that protects the genetic cloth. The vast majority of phages also possess a tail (fabricated from proteins) that enables the specific recognition of a receptor on the surface of the host bacterium.
No. Of phage particles in phage hunter = 400
No. Of phage particles replicate from one particle in 1 round= 50
No. of phage particles replicate from 400 particles in round = 50*400
= 20000 particles.
No. Of phage particles replicate from 400 particles in 3 rounds= 20000*3
= 60000
So after three rounds of replication, 60000 phage particles are present on this plate.
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6. If a hippo is represented by a 2cm x 4cm x 4cm block, what would its surface area to volume ratio be? Show your calculations.
The surface area to volume ratio of the Hippo is 1.
What is the surface area to volume ratio of an organism?The surface area to volume ratio of an organism is the ratio of the total surface area of the organism to the volume of the organism.
The surface area to volume ratio of an organism is critical to its development. This is because organisms need to exchange substances with their environment. The organisms take in food nutrients and water, and then remove waste products of metabolism.
For small, simple unicellular organisms, simple diffusion is sufficient for the exchange of materials with the environment due to their greater surface area to volume ratio.
However, for larger and more complex organisms, simple diffusion cannot suffice for the exchange of materials because of their smaller surface area-to-volume ratio.
The surface area of the hippo = 2 cm * 4 cm + 2 cm * 4 cm + 4 cm * 4 cm
The surface area of the hippo = 32 cm²
The volume of the hippo = 2 cm * 4 cm * 4cm
The volume of the hippo = 32 cm³
The surface area-to-volume ratio = 32 / 32
The surface area to volume ratio = 1
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Explain radiometric dating. Provide an example of how this process is used to determine absolute age.
Radiometric dating is a method of determining how old something (perhaps a wooden artifact, stone, or fossil) is based on the presence of radioactive isotopes.
The basic logic behind radiometric dating is to determine the age of the sample by comparing the presence of radioisotopes in the sample to their known abundances and known half-lives (decay rates) on Earth.
Radiometric dating helps determine the age of ancient objects because many radioactive materials decay slowly. Rock age is determined by radiometric dating, which examines the proportions of two different isotopes in the sample.
Because radioactive isotopes decay at predictable rates, geologists can use instruments like this thermal ionization mass spectrometer to date samples. The half-life of an element is the time it takes for exactly half the amount of that element to decay. The age of a sample can be determined from the ratio of parent and daughter isotopes in the sample.
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when the protein gramicidin is integrated into a membrane, an h channel forms and the membrane becomes very permeable to protons ( h ions). if gramicidin is added to an actively respiring muscle cell, how would it affect the various processes involved in cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation? (assume that gramicidin does not affect the production of nadh and fadh2 during the early stages of cellular respiration.)
Remains the same proton pumping rate electron transport rate, and rate of oxygen uptake. decreases or goes to zero rates of ATP synthesis, size of protein gradient.
Mechanistic studies have revealed that gramicidin A blocks ATP generation by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, leading to cellular energy loss and non-apoptotic cell death. Finally, gramicidin A effectively suppressed the growth of her RCC tumor xenografts in vivo.
Electron transport proton pumping and oxygen uptake are unaffected as they precede the proton gradient of oxidative phosphorylation. The proton gradient is reduced because protons flow back into the mitochondria via gramicidin rather than ATP synthase. Cellular respiration is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
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Which of the following factors contribute to the spread of diseases?A. All of theseB. Poor public health measuresC. Evolution of microbesD. Climate change
The fast spread of diseases is due to the lack of hygiene, the poor salubrity in public spaces, and the contamination of food and water.
Climate change is mainly due to the high concentration of greenhouse gases, and those in high concentrations have demonstrated adverse effects on health.
The fact that drugs are getting less effective in stopping the spread of diseases, and eradicating them, also makes the disease harder to control. And also, some mutations of the microbes can contribute to their ability to infect, and therefore spread the disease.
All of the factors contribute to the harder control of diseases, and might as well help them to spread. Therefore, the answer is A.
thanks to a novel recessive mutation, a certain plant species has begun to invade colder arctic regions outside of its normal range. however, this cold-tolerant mutation has not yet become fixed in the population. a second mutation arises that promotes self-pollination. do you predict that the self-pollination allele will be selected for in the arctic regions? why or why not?
Plant cell death is the intracellular sequence of activities that ends the life processes of a plant cell. Plant cells can die through necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagy.
What happens to a plant eventually, causing it to die?Senescence describes all of the alterations that occur in a plant and ultimately result in the death of its cells, tissues, and ultimately the entire plant body. Even in extremely young, thriving plants, these alterations can be visible in a few cells.
An embryo and endosperm, both of which are necessary for the growth of a viable seed, are produced in angiosperms as a result of double fertilization. Plants that are diploid create diploid embryos and triploid endosperm.
Why does the photoperiodic route, which many plants utilize, control when flowers form? In this plant, temperature and day duration both affect flowering. Flower formation is being hindered by the warm environment and prolonged exposure to light.
The aberrant transformation of floral components into leafy structures is known as phyllody. Although environmental variables that lead to an imbalance in plant hormones may also be to blame, phytoplasma or virus infections are the usual culprits.
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how might the cost of medical technology influence the choices to consumers?
Answer: Researchers generally agree that medical technology has contributed to rising health care costs (1-3). Health insurance removes financial barriers to
Explanation:
Da. To which kingdom do moulds belong?
b. Name the two main parts of bread mould and identify their key role. Use a sketch
Bread Moulds or Rhizopus belong to The Fungi Kingdom.
The two main parts of bread mould are:
1. Rhizoids-
Rhizoids are branching structures that serve as anchors for the fungus in the substrate, allowing it to release digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients. When the environment is favorable, the sporangia, which contain a large number of haploid spores created by mitosis, release the spores into the surrounding air.
2. Sporangia-
Rhizopus produces sporangia at the ends of sporangiophores in order to reproduce asexually. Numerous sporangia open to discharge them. When two hyphae of different mating kinds ('+' and '-') come into contact on occasion, the right conditions will cause them to encourage each other to grow together to affect sexual reproduction.
What are the defining features of Kingdom Fungi?
Eukaryotic, non-vascular, immobile, heterotrophic creatures are fungi.They could be filamentous or unicellular.They spread spores to reproduce.The phenomena of generational alternation are seen in fungi.Since fungi lack chlorophyll, they are unable to carry out photosynthesis.Therefore, Moulds belong to the fungi kingdom.
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explain how the fluidity of the plasma membrane is maintained by the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. describe an adaptation used by organisms in cold environments to maintain a fluid membrane.
Unsaturated fatty acids increase the fluidity of membrane and cholesterol brings stability to the cell membrane.
What is plasma membrane and how is it maintained by the presence of unsaturated fatty acids?Plasma membrane is the membrane outlines the cell separating the interior of the cell from the outside environment.Unsaturated fatty acids increases the fluidity of the plasma membrane and helps to maintain the fluidity for long.Likewise cholesterol have a great significance in the fluidity of the membrane too, as it brings stability.Plasma membrane is same as cell membrane , as it outlines the cell and is selective permeable.Cholesterol stabilizes the plasma membrane helps to maintain the fluidity.To know more about plasma membrane visit:
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blue poppies native to china are grown at a plant-breeding center in california. those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in california's drier climate. this evolutionary adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to
This evolutionary adaptation of blue poppies that allowed the thickest leaves to survive and reproduce best in California's drier climate is due to d) directional selection.
In the field of biology, directional selection can be described as a process in which the organisms having traits that are better and make them more adapted to an environment are able to survive and increase in population.
In the case above, the climate of California was drier as compared to that of China. Thick-leaved blue poppies were better able to survive in this environment as compared to the thin-leaved ones. Hence, with the passage of time, through directional selection, the thick-leaved blue poppies increased in population.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
Blue poppies native to china are grown at a plant-breeding center in California. those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in California's drier climate. this evolutionary adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to
a) genetic drift
b) neutral variation
c) disruptive selection
d) directional selection
e) stabilizing selection
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Amoebas are single celled organisms that take in particles, and sometimes smaller organisms, as food by enclosing the food particle
in its membrane. The amoeba requires energy for this process.
Which structure in an amoeba produces the energy it needs?
O vesicle
O nucleolus
O vacuole
O mitochondria
Answer:
mitochondria
Explanation:
multiple select question select all that apply chargaff found that double-stranded dna contains approximately a 1:1 ratio of adenine and thymine, and approximately a 1:1 ratio of cytosine and guanine. what did james watson conclude from this observation? multiple select question. that cytosine in one strand of dna binds to adenine in the other strand that adenine in one strand of dna binds to thymine in the other strand that cytosine in one strand of dna binds to guanine in the other strand that thymine in one strand of dna binds to guanine in the other strand that dna is replicated in a semiconservative way
This is the foundation of Chargaff's rule; due to their complementarity, a DNA molecule contains an equal amount of adenine and thymine, as well as guanine and cytosine.
It's interesting to note that Watson and Crick discovered that Adenine always pairs with Thymine and Cytosine always pairs with Guanine, proving Chargaff's rule that the ratio of [A] to [T] and the ratio of [G] to [C] are equivalent.
What does the Chargaff rule mean?
According to Chargaff's criteria, DNA from all cells of all creatures should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases. More specifically, the amounts of guanine and adenine should be equal to cytosine and thymine, respectively.
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the percentage of homozygous recessive individuals (for one particular trait) in a population is found to be 49%. assuming the population is at hardy-weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the recessive allele? (allele frequencies are displayed as a number between 0-1. do not give a percentage).
The frequency of the recessive allele is 0.7.
As per the question, the percentage of homozygous recessive individuals = 49% or a frequency of 0.49. So, frequency of recessive allele is the square root of 0.49 = 0.7
The Hardy Weinberg rule states that in the absence of circumstances that promote evolution, the genotype and allele frequencies in a population remain constant. It claims that the binomial expansion of the square of the sum of p and q can be used to describe the total genotype frequencies. The binomial expression is as follows:
[tex](p+q)^{2}[/tex] = [tex]p^{2}[/tex] + [tex]q^{2}[/tex] + [tex]2pq^{}[/tex]
Here, p and q are the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles respectively.
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blood vessels throughout the human body differ in terms of composition, contents, and size. however, vessels can be grouped into three classes: arteries (and arterioles, the smallest of the arteries), capillaries, and veins (and venules, the smallest of the veins). in which class of blood vessel does blood pressure refer to the pressure that blood exerts against them?
In arteries class of blood vessel does blood pressure refer to the pressure that blood exerts against them
Blood pressure is the force of your blood against the artery walls. Blood is transported from your heart to different regions of your body through arteries. Throughout the day, your blood pressure typically increases and decreases.
The main blood vessel supplying the muscles in your upper arm and elbow joint is called the brachial artery. It's frequently used to check blood pressure. Because the brachial artery is located close to the skin's surface, violent traumas like arm fractures might harm it.
Blood pressure is also influenced by arterial wall thickness and flexibility. The arteries experience pressure every time the heart contracts and relaxes. When blood is being pushed from the heart into the arteries, the pressure is at its highest.
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higher concentration of salt. 1. inhibits nucleic acids secondary structure formation by increasing repulsion of phosphodiester backbones. 2. will have no effect on nucleic acids secondary structure formation. 3. promotes nucleic acids secondary structure formation by decreasing repulsion of phosphodiester backbones. 4. affects nucleic acids secondary structure formation by changing the strength of stacking interactions. group of answer choices
A higher concentration of salt promotes nucleic acid's secondary structure formation by decreasing the repulsion of phosphodiester backbones.
What role does high salt concentration have in protein synthesis?To buffer the charges along the phosphate backbone and overcome electrostatic repulsion, high salt concentrations (> 0.6M) are frequently necessary. Protein aggregation and precipitation are aided by high salt concentrations.
What is the high salt concentration solution?The solution with a high salt concentration is known as DS. FO-RO hybrid systems outperform RO stand-alone systems for one of two reasons:
Fouling of the RO membrane is decreased, and seawater is diluted by FO, lowering the osmotic pressure of the seawater and hence the RO pressure.Learn more about osmotic pressure here:-
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What did West Virginia change in its constitution compared to that of Virginia?
West Virginia compared to that of Virginia does not feature a process for initiated constitutional amendments in their constitution.
What is constitution?A constitution is described as the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
The state of west Virginia has some differences in their constitutional amendment processes which is means that they do not feature the process for initiated constitution amendment.
Therefore in conclusion, amendments in West Virginia can only be put on the ballot done either through referral by the legislature or by a constitutional convention.
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when you have a severe fever, what grave consequence may occur if the fever is not controlled?when you have a severe fever, what grave consequence may occur if the fever is not controlled?change in the tertiary structure of your enzymesbinding of your enzymes to inappropriate substratesdestruction of your enzymes' primary structureremoval of amine groups from your proteinsremoval of the amino acids in the active sites of your enzymes
"Change in the folding of enzymes" is the grave consequence that may occur if the fever is not controlled.
When someone gets a fever, their body temperature is high. Infections typically cause it. If a fever is not treated, a change in the way your enzymes fold may have serious consequences. Hydrogen bonds and other weak intermolecular interactions hold enzymes in place while they are folding.
The high temperatures brought on by a fever can disrupt these relationships. Enzymes that are not folded can harm a cell because they cannot fulfill their necessary activities when they are unfolded. This is because their three-dimensional form determines how they work. Because heat accomplishes those things to proteins, the other options are not fatal outcomes of a fever.
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How can a balanced reciprocal translocation that does not cause the person to have an abnormal phenotype cause that person’s offspring to have an abnormal phenotype?.
In a balanced reciprocal translocation, chromosomes are arranged in such a manner that no chromosome material gets gained or lost in the process.
A person who carries balanced translocation is usually unaware of the fact that he or she is having this sort of problem unless they give birth to a child. If one of the parents carries a balanced translocation, then it may possible that the child may inherit an unbalanced translocation in his life.
In an unbalanced translocation, the exchange of chromosomal material is unequal resulting into extra or missing genes. However, it is not necessary that if a parent has balanced translocation then he or she will always pass it on to the child.
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