R6. Suppose N people want to communicate with each of N - 1 other peo- ple using symmetric key encryption. All communication between any two people, i and j, is visible to all other people in this group of N, and no other person in this group should be able to decode their communication. How many keys are required in the system as a whole

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

N(N-1)/2

Explanation:

You would need a symmetric key for each pair of people, so you need the number of pairs.

Mathematically this can be written as

[tex]_NC_2 = \frac{N!}{2!(N-2)!} = \frac{N(N-1)}{2}[/tex]


Related Questions

Write a program that takes paragraph from the user and prints all unique words in that paragraph in c++

Answers

Answer:

We strongly recommend you to minimize your browser and try this yourself first

The idea is to use map in STL to keep track of words already occurred.

// C++ program to print unique words in a string

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

  

// Prints unique words in a file

void printUniquedWords(char filename[])

{

    // Open a file stream

    fstream fs(filename);

  

    // Create a map to store count of all words

    map<string, int> mp;

  

    // Keep reading words while there are words to read

    string word;

    while (fs >> word)

    {

        // If this is first occurrence of word

        if (!mp.count(word))

            mp.insert(make_pair(word, 1));

        else

            mp[word]++;

    }

  

    fs.close();

  

    // Traverse map and print all words whose count

    //is 1

    for (map<string, int> :: iterator p = mp.begin();

         p != mp.end(); p++)

    {

        if (p->second == 1)

            cout << p->first << endl;

    }

}

  

// Driver program

int main()

{

    // Create a file for testing and write something in it

    char filename[] = "test.txt";

    ofstream fs(filename, ios::trunc);

    fs << "geeks for geeks quiz code geeks practice for qa";

    fs.close();

  

    printUniquedWords(filename);

    return 0;

}

Output:

code practice qa quiz

Thanks to Utkarsh for suggesting above code.

Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above

Rated as one of the most sought after skills in the industry, own the basics of coding with our C++ STL Course and master the very concepts by intense problem-solving.

Explanation:

please mark me as brainliest thank you merry Christmas

which platforms they thinks is better to use for sharing their content,ideas,and stories?

social networking site ? Blogging site?​

Answers

I personally believe a blogging site is better to use to share content, ideas, and stories because the main point of a blogging site is to show your ideas with other people but I also believe social networking site is good too because there’s a lot of people who use social media to share and show what they believe.
Hope this helps

What is the output of the first and second print statements?

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class addExample
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList num1 = new ArrayList ();
ArrayList num2 = new ArrayList ();
num1.add(2);
num1.add(4);

num2.add(10);
num2.add(20);

System.out.println(num1.get(0)+1);
System.out.println(num1.get(1)+ num2.get(0));

}
}

The output of the first print statement is (blank)

and the output of the second statement is (blank).

Answers

Answer:

The answer to this question is given below in the explanation section.

Explanation:

 When you will run the given code of java in this question. You will get an error and nothing will get printed in the response of the result. Because, in Java, you can't add the two array objects. The reason behind it, java does not support operator overloading. You cannot use the plus operator to add two arrays in Java . It will give you the compile-time error.

There is a method to add two arrays in the Java program is to iterate over them and add individual elements and store them into a new array. This also becomes complex, if you having arrays of different sizes.  To go through this method, you have to build a method that will through an illegal exception in case of a mismatch in the sizes of the arrays.

As in the given code, when you execute the first print statement:

System.out.println(num1.get(0)+1);

It will produce error because first type is object and second is int. So, you cannot add object and int value.

When you will execute the given second print statement:

System.out.println(num1.get(1)+ num2.get(0));

it will also produce error, because you cannot add object in Java using + binary operator because in this statement first and second type are both objects.  

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