Cells give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, transform those nutrients into energy, and perform specific tasks. They produce copies of themselves and include DNA, the body's genetic material. The simplest functional unit of the human body is the cell.
How do cells work?The fundamental units of all living things are cells. There are many billions of cells in a human body. They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks.All of these plants and animals, including trees in a forest, fish in a river, horseflies on a farm, lemurs in the jungle, reeds in a pond, and worms in the soil, are comprised of the building blocks known as cells. Many living organisms are made up of countless cells cooperating with one another, similar to these examples.They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Additionally, cells have the ability to replicate themselves and contain the body's genetic material.To learn more about Cells refer to:
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Explain the importance of carbon in the large, complex structures of organic compounds. In your answer, describe at least four of carbon's properties.
The ability of carbon to catenate and the fact that it has low bond energy accounts for the fact that it forms large, complex structures of organic compounds.
What are complex organic compounds?The complex organic compounds are those compounds that are composed of carbon but they do have a very large macromolecular structure. These compounds are found in the body as well as are useful in the industry. A common example of a very large macromolecule which plays a very important role in the body is the biological molecule that we call cholesterol which is largely macro molecular.
There are several reasons that enables carbon to form these kinds of large and complex organic compounds;
1) Low bond energy: The carbon to carbon bond energy is very low and this enables carbon to link to itself many times.
2) Carbon does catenate: The ability of carbon to catenate makes the carbon atom able to link to itself in such a way that gives an infinitely large chain of carbon atoms.
3) Carbon does bond easily to hydrogen: The fact that the bond energy of the carbon hydrogen bond is low also makes it possible for carbon to bond to hydrogen in these large organic molecules.
4) Carbon bonds with electronegative atoms: It is common to observe that carbon is also able to bond with highly electronegative atoms thereby forming more compounds.
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Damage to the ________ disrupts one’s ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one’s ability to produce words intact.
Damage to the amygdala disrupts one’s ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one’s ability to produce words intact.The amygdala is crucial in the development of anxiety reactions to upsetting and stressful circumstances.
What is the amygdala's primary function?
The amygdala is typically believed to be the central component of a brain system for processing scary and frightful stimuli, including threat recognition and activation of appropriate fear-related responses in response to dangerous or threatening stimuli The amygdala is in charge of handling intense emotions like fear, pleasure, or rage.Additionally, it might communicate with the cerebral cortex, which governs conscious thought.Physical reactions are governed by signals that are delivered from the thalamus to the skeletal muscles and autonomic nervous systemThe amygdala is crucial in the development of anxiety reactions to upsetting and stressful circumstances.The basolateral, central, and medial subdivisions of the amygdala have undergone pharmacological and lesion studies, which have revealed that their activation results in anxiogenic effects whereas their suppression results in anxiolytic benefits. But these days, you're more likely to come across psychological dangers like the strains and stresses of contemporary life, job, and relationships.These feelings can also set off the fight-or-flight response in the amygdala.Stress, fear, anger, and violence are frequently encountered emotional triggers. Amygdala stimulation results in strong emotions like fear or anger.The amygdala is stimulated by irritable lesions of temporal lobe epilepsy. Researchers have shown that amygdala injuries can lead to hypervigilance in reaction to others' perceived dread.In other words, a person who has amygdala injury develops a heightened sensitivity to even the smallest of facial expressions and interprets them as potential threats. Because anger is simpler to feel, it can keep you from acknowledging and addressing the inside suffering.Frustration is one of the main emotions that tends to start people off.It's common to feel frustrated when you're powerless or uncontrollable. Amygdala damage in adults typically results from an amygdalo-hippocampectomy or temporal lobectomy as part of surgical treatment for medically untreatable epilepsy.The amygdala will typically exhibit pathological alterations like sclerosis in these situations.To learn more about amygdala refer
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For which type of lesion would a bandage be most important in order to keep bacteria and other pathogens from entering the body?.
what is the 1000 plant project? in three or four sentences summarise its findings
Answer:
The 1,000 plants (1KP) project is an international multi-disciplinary consortium that has generated transcriptome data from over 1,000 plant species, with exemplars for all of the major lineages across the Viridiplantae (green plants) clade.
in your small groups, brainstorm some ideas that could test our next question: How do antibiotics
affect bacteria when they are put together?
What experimental variables are you
comparing?
What factors or variables of your experiment
should you keep the same or controlled?
The variables to test how antibiotics affect bacteria when they are put together include the rate of bacterial growth by the unit of time, while controlled conditions include the temperature and light in all treatments.
What is a controlled variable?A controlled variable is any condition during an experimental procedure that must stay the same for all treatments in order to observe a given outcome and the specific relationships between the independent variable (in this case the unit of time) and the dependent variable (in this case the bacterial growth rate).
The controlled variable should ideally remain the same because it allows us to make comparisons between different treatments.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a controlled variable is any variable in an experiment that remain with the same condition for all types of treatments and thus allow us to make comparisons.
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in England approximately 250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on.
Answer:
Thats correct as dark places (like the darkened trees ) attract the moths..
a membrane protein in a plant root uses atp to transport nitrate ions from a fertilizer solution in the soil and concentrates them in the cell. this process is called:
Transport is fueled by active transport, which utilizes ATP's stored energy. Integral proteins in the cell membrane, which are comparable to pumps, are used in the active transport of small molecular-sized material to move material.
Moving upwards is considered active transportation.
A cell must use energy to transfer materials against a concentration or electrochemical gradient. This is exactly what active transport systems accomplish, using energy—often in the form of ATP—to keep the proper concentrations of ions and molecules in living cells.
A symporter is a carrier protein that transports two molecules in the same direction. An antiporter is a carrier protein that transports two molecules in opposing directions. Nevertheless, some porters are able to move a single molecule across the membrane. They're known as uniporters.
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In the gluteus maximus, each motor unit controls a _____________ amount of muscle fibers than a motor unit in the eye muscles.
In the gluteus maximus, each motor unit controls a greater amount of muscle fibers than a motor unit in the eye muscles.
The primary hip extensor muscle is the gluteus maximus. It is the largest of the three gluteal muscles which determines the shape of the hips. Eyes need to move with precision and with a high level of control, which is made possible by the fact that there are fewer muscle fibers connected to each neuron. This is the reason why motor unit in gluteus maximus controls a greater amount of muscle fibres than the eye.
Smaller, lower threshold motor neurons in the muscle's small motor units will be more excitable and will fire first to their skeletal muscle fibers, which also tend to be the smallest. This is how eyes work efficiently. On the other hand, limbs requires greater amount of movement and thus have a larger muscle.
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Suppose you are studying a fruit fly's DNA (drosophila melanogaster) and you discover a gene for antenna length on chromosome # 2. What word describes its location, and where would it be found in other fruit flies DNA?
The word that describes the location of the gene for antenna length on chromosome #2 of the fruit fly is called locus. In the DNA of other fruit flies, the gene will be found at the exact same locus.
Antenna is the sensory organ present on the head of many insects. They are present in a pair. The antennae can be sensitive to touch, smell or any other senses. Due to their ability to sense or feel, they are also called feelers.
Locus is defined as the location or the physical place on the chromosome where a gene is present. The word locus is used to define the address of any particular gene. The loci are fixed for a gene in all the chromosomes of any organism.
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How is the taiga important to birds from other biomes? why can’t the summer birds live in the taiga year round? (site 1)
Taiga is important as it provides a pleasant climate.
The taiga is crucial for the summer birds as a biome because it gives them a more comfortable environment and enough food during the summer when in the southern biomes it is considerably hotter and there is much less food and water available. However, the taiga only offers these favorable circumstances in the summer.
Due to the taiga's extremely cold climate, where the majority of the years see temperatures as low as -40 and -50 degrees regularly, the ground is frozen as are the tree branches, and there is a severe lack of food, summer birds are unable to live there year round and must migrate south as the summer in taiga comes to an end.
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as a result of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, only a small portion of the energy of glucose has been converted to atp. at this point, the majority of the usable energy is contained in:
The majority of the usable energy is contained in reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2.
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle only a small portion of energy is converted into ATP. Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH .
Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA so it can enter the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate is modified by removal of a carboxyl group followed by oxidation, and then attached to Coenzyme A. one molecule of pyruvate produces 15 ATPs in total.
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Write in a table the definition of sexual and asexual reproduction with their differences and example of each
please answer asap
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two gamates (haploid cells), resulting in diploid cells with genetic variation. On the other hand, asexual reproduction involves the division of a diploid cell resulting in cells genetically identical to the parental one.
What are sexual and asexual reproductions?Asexual reproduction involves the division of a cell through mitosis or fission, resulting in two equal cells carrying the exact same information and genetic charge. In several organisms, these dividing cells are diploid.
Sexual reproduction involves two haploid cells (gametes) that merge and compose a diploid cell. The genetic information of these new diploid cells is different from the parental one because gametes from each parent introduce genetic variability. Gametes are produced by meiosis.
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a bacterial cell has a nonsense mutation in the gene that codes for hexokinase, an enzyme used during glycolysis. this mutation is most likely to affect the expression of this gene by
A nonsense mutation in the gene that codes for hexokinase will most likely to affect the expression of this gene by causing early termination during the elongation cycle of translation.
In the field of science, a nonsense mutation can be described as a kind of mutation that causes a stop codon to occur at a place where there still needs to be another amino acid.
As a result of nonsense mutation, the proteins that will be formed will be shorter and dependent on where the stop codon is added in the sequence.
Hence, if a nonsense mutation occurs in the hexokinase enzyme then this means that the translation process will terminate early. The hexokinase formed will be shorter and unfinished.
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How do you describe a sandstone with trilobite?
A sandstone with trilobite provides information about a variety of things like dating of the sandstone, how the earth evolved and trace fossils.
Sandstone is the sedimentary rock that is very useful as it is the reservoir for petroleum and water. It contains a lot of minerals and the rock itself is used in constructions, statues, etc.
Trilobite are the marine arthropods that are now extinct. It serves as a trace fossil that provides information about the biological activities of the extinct organism. This is how evolution of the earth can be known. This biological activity also helps in dating process.
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osteogenesis imperfecta (oi) is a genetic disorder linked to mutations in the genes that encode the components of type 1 collagen. the disorder is primarily characterized by individuals having bones that fracture easily. however, it also includes other features, such as blue sclera, a condition in which the whites of the eye (the sclera) are blue, and early-onset hearing loss. these characteristics of oi indicate that the genes involved exhibit pleiotropy. crossing over. discrete expression. quantitative traits. phenotypic plasticity.
These characteristics of osteogenesis imperfecta (oi) indicate that the genes involved exhibit pleiotropy. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
What is osteogenesis imperfecta?Osteogenesis imperfecta may be defined as a type of genetic disorder that affects the connective tissues and is significantly characterized by extremely fragile bones that break or fracture easily.
Pleiotropy may be defined as a type of phenomenon in which a single gene exhibits multiple phenotypic expressions. These genes affect the metabolic pathways that considerably result in the different phenotypes.
Therefore, these characteristics of osteogenesis imperfecta (oi) indicate that the genes involved exhibit pleiotropy. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
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in drosophila, the first 14 cell divisions after fertilization take no more than 10 minutes each. e. coli in contrast take ~ 30 minutes to undergo a cell division. what is one difference between dna replication in bacteria versus drosophila that could explain this?
In drosophila,dna replication in bacteria versus drosophila that could explain this is Eukaryotic chromosomes have many origins of replication, while bacteria have only one origin of replication.
In comparison to unicellular creatures, multicellular organisms have far more stable settings where nutrients are less likely to be scarce. These cells' size, meanwhile, still has a significant impact on how they behave. Blood cells, for instance, must retain a tiny enough size to fit through capillaries, and neurons must travel long distances to transmit impulses down the lengths of limbs. Additionally, abnormal cell size is linked to disorders like Lhermitte-Duclos disease, in which larger cerebellar granule cells cause convulsions and ultimately result in death.
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A proposed answer to a question about the natural world
Soil, rocks, water, air, plants, and animals all belong to the natural world. A thing's qualities can be used to characterize, contrast, and categorize it. Both living and nonliving creatures are found in nature. Living things are able to move, grow, and reproduce. They also require food, water, air, and shelter.
Hypothesis ; The Latin root of the word "science" means "knowing." Science is a unique method of learning about the natural world that begins with a query and then seeks an evidence- and logic-based response.
Scientists establish hypotheses as statements, which are then put to the test through research methods like experiments. In order to explain observed phenomena, hypothese are built utilizing logic, reasoning, and mathematical arguments.A hypothesis gives scientists a starting point for questions and helps them develop testable ideas and laws about how the natural world works. This aids in their understanding of the world around them. A theory offers a thorough justification for an event.To know more about Natural world please click here : https://brainly.com/question/24847017
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Add your name and what ever you want ?
Answer:
mariaa meriee
Explanation:
brainlest .
What is the primary difference between alcohol fermentation in yeast and lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells?.
The primary difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is that alcohol fermentation yields carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, whereas lactic acid yields molecules of lactic acid from pyruvate.
A metabolic process in which glucose is transformed into the metabolite lactic acid fermentation lactate and energy in cells bacteria like Lactobacillus and yeast typically perform lactic acid fermentation.
It takes place in two main stages: fermentation and glycolysis. The cytosol is the site of both lactic acid fermentation and glycolysis. The metabolic process by which glucose is transformed into ethanol and carbon dioxide is referred to as alcoholic fermentation.
Yeast and a few other bacteria do most of the work. In the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation also takes place in the cytosol.
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under certain circumstances, the actin and myosin myofilaments can be extracted from muscle cells and placed in a beaker. they subsequently bind together to form long strands of actin and myosin. what substance could be added to the beaker to make the actin and myosin unbind? group of answer choices
Another ATP-binding site on myosin is where enzymatic activity converts ATP to ADP, releasing energy and an inorganic phosphate molecule. When ATP binding causes myosin to release actin.
What is the function myosin?The first molecular motor, myosin, is a protein that transforms chemical energy in the form of ATP into mechanical energy to produce force and movement.
What components make up myosin?A head, neck, and tail domain make up the majority of myosin molecules. With the exception of myosin VI, which moves toward the pointed (-) end of the filament, the head domain attaches the filamentous actin and produces force by ATP hydrolysis as it "walks" along the filament towards the barbed (+) end.
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which events are potential effects of a point mutation within a protein coding gene? an extra sequence of amino acids is inserted in a protein, but the protein still functions. a nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide, but the amino acid sequence remains the same. a segment containing many nucleotides is added, and the amino acid sequence changes. an incorrect amino acid is placed in a protein, and it affects how the protein functions. a nucleotide is used in place of another, and the change results in a stop codon.
An event which is a potential effects of a point mutation within a protein coding gene is: B. a nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide, but the amino acid sequence remains the same.
What is a nucleotide?A nucleotide can be defined as the subunit of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) which typically comprises a nitrogenous base. Additionally, some portion of the nucleotide include the following:
A nitrogenous base.A phosphate group.Deoxyribose sugar (5-carbon sugar).What is point mutation?Point mutation can be defined as a type of genetic mutation that occurs in a genome, which typically changes a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) when a single base pair is deleted, added, modified or changed (altered).
In Genomics, it has been proven by scientific research that when a point mutation occurs within the protein coding gene, it typically causes a nucleotide to be replaced by another nucleotide, while the amino acid sequence of the nucleotide would remain the same.
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practice: photosynthesis visual summary
Photosynthesis takes place in two stages. One of them involes light absortion and occurs in thylakoid membranes. The other one occurs in the stroma and does not depend on light.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants take solar energy to produce organic compounds. It involves two alternating stages: light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids. There, while chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight, oxygen is released from water molecules, and ATP and NADPH are produced. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) occur in the stroma. During this stage, carbon dioxide fixates, and carbohydrates are synthesized. The whole cycle uses ATP and NADPH coming from light-dependent reactions.
In the exposed example, we need to label where each step of photosynthesis occurs.
Light dependent reactions: thylakoids' membrane.
Light independent reactions: Stroma
You will find the image in the attached files.
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Complete question
Practice: Photosynthesis Visual Summary
Label the two parts of the chloroplast.
Label where each step of photosynthesis occurs. Use arrows to show what goes into each part (reactants) and what comes out (products).
susan is a consultant for a grocery store chain that wants to open several new stores in the st. louis area. she has selected several sites for the company to consider based in part on projected population growth near those sites. what isolating mechanism does this best illustrate?
The isolating mechanism which best illustrates Susan's consultancy is better expectations of future resource value.
Susan is making an investment in future value thus, the company can gain a competitive advantage by having better expectations of a resource's future value. A company can gain a long-term competitive advantage by consistently setting higher expectations over time.
Isolating mechanism: A steady stream of economic profits and the persistence of intra-industry firm differences over time are both explained by isolating mechanisms, which are also referred to as barriers to imitation (Mahoney and Pandian, 1992). Similar to entry barriers and mobility barriers, isolating mechanisms operate on different levels.
Barriers to imitation that prevent a company from competing are:
1. Better expectations of the value of future resources—investment in future value
2. Path dependence—the options faced are limited by past decisions;
3. Causal ambiguity—the cause and effect of a phenomenon are not readily apparent
4. Social complexity—the interaction of various social and business systems and
5. Intellectual property (IP) protection—a critical intangible resource that can serve as a powerful isolating mechanism. The main types are Trade secrets, designs, patents, copyrights, and trademarks.
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during inspiration (more than one answer may apply) a. the alveolar pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure b. the intrapleural pressure becomes more negative c. the return of blood to the thoracic cavity increases d. the pco2 in the alveoli decreases
The air moves to the lungs during inspiration. The alveolar pressure must be lower than the atmospheric pressure for air to move to the lungs.
The lungs can take in air thanks to this difference in pressure. Inhaling, sometimes referred to as inspiration, is the initial phase. Inhalation causes the diaphragm to tighten and pull downward. The muscles in the space between the ribs tighten and pull upward. The thoracic cavity enlarges as a result, releasing internal pressure.
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The question was incomplete. Check below the complete question.
during inspiration (more than one answer may apply)
a. the alveolar pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure
b. the intrapleural pressure becomes more negative
c. the return of blood to the thoracic cavity increases
d. the pco2 in the alveoli decreases
true or false: sexual selection is a case of natural selection that describes evolution due not to variable survival rates, but rather due to variable reproductive rates stemming from characteristics that allow an individual to successfully attract a mate. group of answer choices
distinguished between two types of sexual selection: intrasexual selection, in which members of the same sex (often males) struggle for access to mates, and intersexual selections.
What is sexual selection?In the process of sexual selection, members of one biological sex choose partners from the other sex and compete with one another for access to partners from the other sex. The sexual selection idea proposes that animals with distinctive physical characteristics, such as dramatic colour, enhanced size, or eye-catching adornments, may have an easier time finding mates.He distinguished between two types of sexual selection: intrasexual selection, in which members of the same sex (often males) struggle for access to mates, and intersexual selection, in which members of one sex (frequently females) favor members of the opposite sex.Members of one biological sex choose partners from the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection) and compete with one another for access to partners from the other sex through sexual selection (intrasexual selection).To learn more about sexual selection refer to:
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among the agta of the philippines, women not only gather, they also a. fish, while carrying their babies with them. b. are the primary warrior class, except when pregnant or breastfeeding. c. cultivate small food plots inside village defenses. d. hunt small animals and do some fishing. e. are the tribal leaders.
The Aeta are a nomadic people that only construct ad hoc, stick-and-leaf huts that are draped with palm leaves.Aeta communities and places with cleared mountains are now home to the more advanced Aetas.They reside in homes made of cogon grass and bamboo.
Describe about agta people?
The indigenous population of the nation has steadily declined due to mining, deforestation, illicit logging, and slash-and-burn farming, now numbering only a few thousand people.The Aeta have become very nomadic as a result of social and economic pressures on their culture and way of life, which had previously stayed constant for thousands of years, and the Philippine government offers them little to no protection. As hunter-gatherers, adaptation plays an important role in Aeta communities to survive. This often includes gaining knowledge about the tropical forest that they live in, the typhoon cycles that travel through their area, and other seasonal weather changes that affect the behavior of the flora and fauna in their location.Another important survival skill is storytelling. Like many other hunter-gatherer societies, the Aeta promote social values, such as cooperation, through stories. Thus, they highly value skilled storytellers.Aeta hunters, as depicted in the Boxer Codex (c. 1595).For many Aeta communities, the dry season means hard work.With the beginning of the dry season comes more hunting and fishing as well as swiddening the land in preparation for future harvest.Men and women in the Aeta community work together to clear the land, but women typically harvest the majority of the crops.They also conduct commerce with non-Aeta communities in the area at this time, either to sell the food they have collected or to hire them as temporary farmers or field workers.Women from the Aeta community participate more actively in economic dealings with non-Aeta communities, typically as dealers and field laborers for lowland farmersDifferent implements are used by Aeta cultures for hunting and gathering.Traps, knives, and bows and arrows with various arrow points for specific uses are examples of traditional tools.The majority of Aetas, including Aeta women, begin training for hunting and gathering at age 15.Most Aeta women prefer knives and frequently hunt with their dogs and in groups to maximize efficiency and for social purposes, whereas males and some women typically use the conventional bow and arrow.Males and females both engage in food collecting and fishing.Therefore, Aeta societies are more gender equal in both organization and practice.To learn more about philippines culture refer
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Phospholipids are found in a limited number of foods. They consists of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and a compound that contains phosphate. Why are they important in food and in the body?.
A glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and one phosphate group make up phospholipids. This suggests that this molecule may be a phospholipid. Triglycerides are lipids that have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Why phospholipids are important?A phospholipid is a molecule made composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a modified phosphate group. The phosphate can change by having polar or charged chemical groups added to it.
A glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and one phosphate group make up phospholipids. This suggests that this molecule may be a phospholipid. Triglycerides are lipids that have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Triglycerides and phospholipids are made of the three-carbon molecule glycerol. Three fatty acids, one to each of the glycerol's carbons, are present in triglycerides. Two glycerol carbons are used by phospholipids to bind fatty acids, and a third is used to bind a phosphate group.
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pls help once i finish this i can sleep!!!!
Identify the brain stem in the diagram below.
C
A
D
B
The answer is A.
I wish you a restful sleep.
g if 9% of a population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous (ss) for the sickle-cell gene, assuming the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
The H-W equilibrium theory states that, considering a diallelic gene, the addition of allelic frequencies equals 1 (p + q = 1) and the addition of genotypic frequencies equals 1 (p² + 2pq + q² = 1). The percentage of the population that is heterozygous (Ss) for the sickle-cell gene is 42%.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory states that in populations that are in equilibrium, their allelic and genotypic frequencies remain the same generation after generation.
These populations are not evolving. No evolutive forces or other events that affect their frequencies are acting on them.
Assuming a diallelic gene that codes for a trait,
⇒ Allelic frequencies are represented as p and q,
The frequency of the dominant allele p(X) is pThe frequency of the recessive allele p(x) is qThe addition of the allelic frequencies equals 1
p + q = 1.
⇒ The genotypic frequencies after one generation are
p² (Homozygous dominant genotypic frequency), 2pq (Heterozygous genotypic frequency), q² (Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency).The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Now let us answer the question,
Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, so individuals expressing this phenotype are homozygous recessive, ss.
We need to calculate the frequency of the heterozygous genotype by using the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
The genotypic frequency of individuals born with the disorder is 9%, so
q² = 9% = 0.09
So, knowing the homozygous recessive frequency, we will calculate the recessive allele frequency, q.
If q² = 0.09, then q = √q² = √0.09 = 0.3
So the recessive allele frequency is q = 0.3
Now we need to get the dominant allele frequency, and we will get it by clearing the equation p + q = 1
p + q = 1
p + 0.3 = 1
p = 1 - 0.3
p = 0.7
So, the dominant allele frequency is p = 0.7.
The dominant genotypic frequency is p² = 0.7² = 0.49
Up to here, we know that,
p = 0.7q = 0.3p² = 0.49q² = 0.09With these data, we can calculate the heterozygous genotypic frequency -2pq- by clearing the following equation,
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
0.49 + 2pq + 0.09 = 1
2pq = 1 - 0.49 - 0.09
2pq = 0.42
Assuming the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of heterozygous individuals Ss = 2pq = 0.42 = 42%.
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Which term describes the process of sister chromatids not separating at the centromere during cell division?.
The term nondisjunction describes the process of sister chromatids not separating at the centromere during cell division.
during the metaphase time of cell division, the chromatids are aligned at the center of a cell known as the centromere. The mitotic spindle present on each end of the cell pulls these chromosomes so that each cell receives half the number of chromosomes after cell division.
However, if the chromosomes do not separate to their sides at that time then this is referred to as non-disjunction.
The process of nondisjunction might occur because the chromosomes were unable to separate themselves during the anaphase of cell division.
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