Answer: D. in the oceans.
The ocean is the most likely answer to the question as there wasn't enough oxygen in the atmosphere, the land hadn't formed continents and wasn't mineralized enough. Of course, there are many other theories including one that suggests life started in muddy pools in the land warmed by volcanoes. So there really isn't a fixed answer, but I'm fairly sure it is D.
PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer: C. Pollen as seeds can only be made when pollen is transferred between plants of the SAME
during mendel's first set of experiments, all the plants F1 offspring expressed the same version of the studied trait. Which of the following best describes these experiments
During Mendel's first set of experiments, all the plant's F1 offspring expressed the same version of the studied trait because Mendel crossed true-breeding plants with different versions of a studied trait (Option D).
What are true breeding plants?True breeding plants are plants that when they are crossed can produce all progeny with the same trait because they are homozygous. In this case, Mendel crossed true-breeding plants which were dominant homozygous or recessive homozygous, thereby obtaining all heterozygous offspring.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that true breeding plants are homozygous for a given trait, which may be dominant or recessive and therefore the cross of true breeding plants always produce plants with the same phenotype of one of the parental lines.
Complete question:
During Mendel's first set of experiments, all the plants F, offspring expressed the same version of the studied trait. Which of the following best describes these experiments? A. Mendel observed crosses that took place naturally in his gardens.
B. Mendel crossed plants that all expressed the same version of a studied trait.
C. Mendel allowed true-breeding plants to self-pollinate.
D. Mendel crossed true-breeding plants with different versions of a studied trait.
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Many people try to eliminate fat from their diets. Which is one reason it is
necessary for humans to eat fat?
Fats are carbohydrates, which give the body energy. They also protect the organs and keep the body warm :)
Dead plant and animal matter iscalledA. detritus.B. fungus.C. chloroplast.
Detritus is what dead solid organic material is called, which includes the remains of dead organisms, as well as fecal matter.
This means A. detritus is the right answer.
What is the structure below? Label all parts of this structure including the polar & no polar regions.
The structure present in the image is of a phospholipid. It has 2 components:
Hydrophilic, polar phosphate head.Hydrophobic, non-polar, fatty acid tails.A phospholipid is one of the main constituent of plasma membranes. It is an amphipathic molecule as it contains the hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic parts. The hydrophilic part is the glycerol backbone along with phosphate group attached to its terminal hydroxyl group.
The fatty acid chain is the hydrophobic portion of the phospholipid that appears on the inner side of the plasma membrane bilayer. One of the two fatty acid chain is unsaturated due to presence of double bonds that gives it a kink.
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tattooinggroup of answer choicesis the coloring the skin by applying natural dyes to the epidermis.can only be removed by cutting away the tattooed skin.can be removed by repetitive washing with soap and water.inserts ink particles into the dermis.inserts ink particles into the subcutaneous region.
The coloring of the skin by applying natural dyes to the epidermis can only be removed by inserting ink particles into the subcutaneous region.
What are the three physiological variables that influence skin color?The volume of blood in dermal capillaries, carotene in the subcutaneous layer, and different diseases are three physiological elements that influence skin color. If the entire epidermis is keratinized, the visible skin would become extremely hard and inflexible.
How many layers of skin are there?The epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are the three layers of skin.
What makes up the epidermal layer?The epidermis layer is the outermost layer of your skin (the visible layer), and it is made up of both living and dead skin cells. It is only slightly thicker than a sheet of paper. New skin cells push old skin cells to the surface as they die.
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which of the following is false regarding chemolithotrophic microorganisms? choose one: a. light absorption provides them with electrons. b. they include methanogens. c. they use inorganic compounds as electron donors. d. electron donors for respiration include fe2 , h2s, and nh 4.
a)Light absorption provides them with electrons
Light absorption provides them with electrons is false regarding chemolithotrophic microorganisms
What qualities do ETS cofactors possess that help the ETS do its function?
They enable minor energy transfers when they are reduced and oxidized. Correct Feedback: Smaller energy transitions in an ETS are made possible by ETS cofactors, which maximizes the protons' ability to cross the membrane.
Glycolysis is a metabolic process that occurs during both fermentation and cellular respiration. Glycolysis is the first phase of respiration.
There exist phosphorylated sugars. A. Glucose is decreased when hydrogen atoms are added.
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How is the geologic time scale related to the fossil record?
answer: The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.
Geologic time scale related to the fossil record with the timing of the emergence and disappearance of widespread species from the being used to delineate the beginnings and endings of ages, epochs, periods, and other intervals.
Geologists commonly use radiometric dating methods, based on the natural radioactive decay of certain elements such as potassium and carbon, as reliable clocks to date ancient events.
The geological time scale is based on the the geological rock record, which includes erosion, mountain building and other geological events. Sediment has to cover an organism's remains in order for the long fossilization process to begin. Most organisms decompose before this can happen.
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When there is a failure to control the cell cycle, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth it is known as.
When there is a failure to control the cell cycle, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth it is known as cancer.
What is cancer?Cancer is a multifactorial disease associated with uncontrolled growth of a given cell type, which is generally caused by a failure in the factors that control the progression through the cell cycle. These failures are generated by mutations in the genes that control the cell cycle.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and failure in the genes associated with the control of the cell cycle.
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which of the following are methods used by biologists to distinguish different species? multiple select question. observing the outward appearance of individuals assessing whether the organisms occupy the same space determining evolutionary relationships and lineages determining if individuals physically interact with one another assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed analyzing dna or other molecular sequences
The methods used by biologists to distinguish different species are: analyzing DNA or other molecular sequence
observing the outward appearance of individuals
assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed
determinating evolutionary relationships and lineages
determining the organisms' ecological niches
Scientists use many ways to distinguish different species. Scientists use the DNA of organisms to look for similarities and differences in them. Based on these similarities and differences, they are able to distinguish species.
Assessing the physical traits of an organism also helps in differentiating it from other species.
Evolution is also a big key to determining the relationship and differences among species.
The place where an organism lives and its ecological nice also help in determining the differences and similarities in species.
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What is an advantage to the longer duration of cardiac action potential compared to the skeletal muscle action potential?.
Tetanic contraction is avoided by the longer duration of cardiac action potential, allowing the heart chambers to relax and fill with blood before the next contraction.
Compared to skeletal muscle, the refractory period of cardiac muscle is significantly longer. This avoids tetanus and guarantees that there is adequate time between each contraction for the heart chamber to fill with blood before the next one. Accordingly, cardiac muscle is benefitted with the longer duration of its action potential.
Similar to skeletal muscle, the influx of sodium ions results in an initial depolarization; however, the depolarization in cardiac muscle is sustained for a longer period of time thanks to the influx of calcium ions.
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What is RNA primer?
What is the sugar phosphate backbone?
Answer:
a=
Primer RNA is RNA that initiates DNA synthesis. Primers are required for DNA synthesis because no known DNA polymerase is able to initiate polynucleotide synthesis. DNA polymerases are specialized for elongating polynucleotide chains from their available 3′-hydroxyl termini.
b=
The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. This backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.
What evidence encourages some archeologists to believe that ritual accompanied burials from about 100,000 years ago?.
A process known as "flint knapping," which translates to "to shape by breaking off bits," is used to remove chips or flakes from a piece of fine-grained stone like flint. This produces a huge amount of waste scraps or flakes, much as when you whittle a piece of wood.
Sharp stone flakes serve what purpose?Tools fashioned of flake stone, such as spear points, arrowheads, knives, scrapers, and drills, have sharp edges when shattered.
The Paleolithic Era : Old Stone Age is another name for the Paleolithic Period, a prehistoric cultural stage or degree of human evolution that was marked by the use of crude chipped stone tools.
Homo habilis, one of the oldest members of the human family, created the first stone tools during the early Stone Age, which is also referred to as the Lower Paleolithic. These were essentially stone cores that had flake material taken from them to sharpen the edge, making it suitable for use in cutting, chopping, or scraping.
Hammerstones were employed by early humans in East Africa to pound off sharp flakes from stone cores. Early humans employed these techniques for accessing new resources, including flesh from huge animals, for more than two million years.
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in receptor-mediated endocytosis, the ligand-binding domain of the receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. where do the ligand-binding domains end up after endocytosis?
The ligand-binding domains end up facing the inside surface of the vesicle after the endocytosis.
Bringing in macromolecules from the extracellular fluid is done through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This route allows for the internalization of over 20 distinct receptors. Others stay on the surface until a ligand is bound, while certain receptors are continually internalized.
What are ligand-binding domains?
A hydrophobic-binding pocket in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) draws the hormone there. The ligand is trapped inside the hydrophobic environment as a result of the binding of the ligand, which changes the conformation of the LBD.
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how does the eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit recognize the start codon on the mrna?group of answer choicesit undergoes a conformational charge that recruits other proteins when it hydrogens bonds to the correct tri-nucleotide sequence.it binds an met-trna to the first aug codon after the kozak sequence.it wraps the mrna strand to bring initiation enhancer proteins into the vicinity of the start codon.it binds an met-trna to the first aug codon it encounters.it performs an atp hydrolysis within the small subunit once it encounters a met-trna already bound to the aug.
The statement "it binds an met-trna to the first AUG codon after the kozak sequence." is the correct answer to how eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit recognize the start codon on the mrna.
First option: This choice is incorrect since amino acids are connected to their associated tRNAs by activating ATP, a process known as aminoacylation of tRNA.
Option 2: This choice is appropriate. Once the tRNA is charged, mRNA attaches a met- tRNA to the first AUG codon following the kozak sequence.
Option three: This choice is incorrect. While recognizing the start codon on the mRNA, there is no conformational change in the tiny unit of the ribosome.
Option four: This choice is incorrect. The mRNA isn't wrapped by ribosomes. Instead, along the mRNA, ribosomes migrate from codon to codon.
Option 5: This choice is incorrect. The initial AUG codon, but before the kozak region, is where it binds a Met-tRNA.
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trematol is a metabolic poison derived from the white snake root. cows eating this plant concentrate the poison in their milk. the poison inhibits liver enzymes that convert lactic acid to other compounds for metabolism. why does physical exertion increase symptoms of poisoning by trematol? why does the ph of the blood decrease in a person who has digested trematol?
Here are the answers to the questions respectively:
Physical exertion increase symptoms of poisoning by trematol because the generation of lactic acid through fermentation, and when liver enzymes are inhibited, the accumulation of lactic acid lowers blood pH.The pH of the blood decrease in a person who has digested trematol because exercise stimulates metabolism, and blood pH rises as a result of the electron transport chain pushing H+ out of the mitochondria.A metabolic poison called trematol is made from the white snake root. The toxin is concentrated in the milk of cows that consume this plant. The toxin prevents the liver's enzymes from metabolizing lactic acid into other chemicals.
Our cells make lactic acid through a process known as fermentation when there is not enough oxygen present. Particularly in our muscles, the pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to lactic acid to replenish NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP. This explains why exercise makes the symptoms worse.
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If a mutation occurs in a gamete, which of the following is most likely to result?
If a mutation occurs in a gamete, then the statement indicating that mutation will not always cause the offspring to be genetically disadvantaged. of is the most likely result of this change (Option 4).
What is a germinal mutation?A germinal mutation is any genetic modification produced during the formation of gametes, which are germinal cells that generate an individual. All germinal mutations are potentially inheritable, while somatic body mutations are not inherited because these cells are not used to generate an individual.
Somatic mutations are only inherited by the cell line which suffered such mutation and therefore may produce disequilibrium in the organism but not alters the genetic pool of the population.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a germinal mutation can be inherited and therefore affect the fitness of the population.
Complete question:
If a mutation occurs in a gamete, which of the following is most likely to result?
If the mutation occurs on a recessive gene, it will most likely be expressed.
If the mutation is non-disjunctive then an extra chromosome could be in every cell of the offspring.
The mutation will not always cause the offspring to be genetically disadvantaged.
The mutation will not be passed on to the offspring.
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The lytic cycle is one reproductive cycle that viruses can enter.
What is the name of the other virus life cycle?
A. Lytogenic
B. Lysogenic
C. Lysic
D.Lysosome
Answer: B. Lysogenic Cycle
Explanation:
Define and give an example of : a. Genotype: b. Homozygous c. Heterozygous d. Phenotype
a) Genotype: The genetic composition of an organism is its genotype. The alleles or variations that an individual carries in a specific gene or genetic region are also referred to as the genotype.
Eg: RR,Rr,rr can be the genotype of the color of a flower.
b) Homozygous: It is a gene region where there are two identical alleles present. Two alleles with the same variation or two alleles that are normal can both be present in a homozygous genotype
Eg: BB is the homozygous gene for a dominant character like brown eyes in humans.
c) Heterozygous: It is a gene region where there are two distinct alleles present. One normal allele and one mutated allele, or two distinct mutated alleles, can make up a heterozygous genotype.
Eg: Bb is the heterozygous gene for brown eyes in humans.
d) Phenotype: It describes a person's observable characteristics. Both a person's genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental circumstances affect their phenotype.
Example: Color of human eyes like brown, blue, black
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1.What would happen to our growth and development if the pituitary gland is damaged or removed? Explain with example.
2.How do insulin and glucagon maintain blood glucose levels?
3.How is the development of secondary sexual characteristics , such as onset of meanstruation, growth of hair, and production of sperm and eggs related to gonads?
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If the pituitary gland is damaged or removed, our growth and development are adversely affected.
Insulin reduces blood sugar levels.
The development of secondary sexual characteristics is directly related to gonads.
What would happen if your pituitary gland can't work properly?The pituitary gland is known as the master gland of the endocrine system because it controls many hormone glands in our body. Without Pituitary glands, the body wouldn't reproduce and grow properly and many other functions are not working properly in our body.
Insulin reduces the blood sugar levels in our body and provides glucose to the cell for the production of energy. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon in the blood with help of insulin. Glucagon is a type of hormone that pancreas help to regulate your blood glucose levels. The liver release stored glucose which causes the blood sugar levels in the body to rise.
The pubertal changes in secondary sex characteristics like breast development, fat deposition, development of genitalia, changes in the larynx, and hair growth lead to increasing levels of gonads.
So we can conclude that our growth and development are adversely affected if the pituitary gland is damaged or removed.
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in biological anthropology, why is it useful to examine sexual dimorphism? group of answer choices it is the study of sexual intercourse between primates. it varies with the pattern of competition among males. it relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates. it determines male and female social hierarchy.
It determines male and female social hierarchy
What is anthropology ?
Anthropology is the study of what makes people human. Anthropologists investigate all the various dimensions of the human experience from a holistic perspective. To learn how and what mattered to human groups hundreds or thousands of years ago, they turn to the past through archaeology.
Anthropology is the study of what makes people human. Anthropologists investigate all the various dimensions of the human experience from a holistic perspective. To learn how and what mattered to human groups hundreds or thousands of years ago, they turn to the past through archaeology.
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PLEASE SOMEONE HELP EXPLAIN THIS IT’S DUE FIRST THING TMRW MORNING!!
Determine the empirical formula of a 28.00 gram sample containing 22.90 grams carbon and 5.10 grams hydrogen.
Explanation:
The compound is found to be composed of 75% carbon and 25% hydrogen.
100 g of the compound contains 75 g of carbon and 25 g of hydrogen.
The atomic masses of carbon and hydrogen are 12 g/mol and 1 g/mol respectively.
The number of moles of C =
12 g/mol
75 g
= 6.25 moles
The number of moles of H =
1 g/mol
25 g
= 25 moles
The mole ratio C:H=6.25:25=1:4
The empirical formula of the compound is CH
4
.
Please help!!!!! I need an answer asap (before 5:00 pm at least)!
Answer:
C: Model A because the two strands of each parent molecule end up in seperate DNA molecules after each round of replication.
Explanation:
The semi-conservative model is shown in A because as the answer states, the two strands separate and are used to create new double stranded DNA separately.
Ten Discussion Questions1.Which number is beside the waxy covering of this flower? (image 1)2. Which number is beside the pistil of this flower? (image 1)3.What are the reproductive organs of a plant called?4. What are the reproductive organs of an animal called?5. What is an exoskeleton and explain its function?6. How are the support systems of plants and animals different?7. How is the function of a plant's waxy covering similar to the function of a cat's hair?8. How is the function of a plant's pistil and stamen different from the function of the ovariesand testes of an animal?9. Name one plant and one animal and explain a similarity between the function of theirorgans or physical structures.10. Name one plant and one animal and explain a difference between the function of theirorgans or physical structures.
Parts of the flower:
1. pistil
2. petal
3. leaf
4. receptacle or stem (location of number is not clear)
Answer to question 1 is receptacle or stem.
Answer to question 2 is petal
Answer to question 3
The reproductive organs of the plant are stamen, stigma, calyx, pistil, and colas.
Stamen is the male part of a flower. Stigma is responsible for collecting pollen grains. Calyx is a component of sepals and responsible for protecting the inner part of the flower while it is under development. Pistil is the female reproductive part of the flower. Cola is the bud. It is a cluster of buds. In general, the reproductive parts are the androecium (group of stamens) and gynoecium (carpels/pistils).
What does a carbon atom do during photosynthesis?
During photosynthesis, plants capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and water from the soil to carry out this process. What happens with carbon atoms is that they, with the sunlight action, will go to form glucose, whose chemical formula we can see it in the following:
[tex]6\text{ CO}_2\text{ + 6 H}_2\text{O }\rightarrow\text{ C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6\text{ + 6 O}_{2\text{ }}[/tex]What those 6 numbers tell us, is that for each 6 carbon dioxide atoms, plus each 6 water molecules, the process will be carried out, producing one glucose molecule, plus 6 oxygen molecules.
in the meselson-stahl experiment, what was the expected composition of dna molecules after one round of replication, if the conservative model was correct?
Each DNA molecule would have a single density since it would be made up of 3/4 light and 1/4 heavy sections.
What does DNA stand for?Deoxyribonucleic acid, a polymer made of two chains that coil around one another to form a double helix, is necessary for all known creatures, including many viruses, to develop, function, grow, and reproduce.
Nucleic acids include things like DNA and ribonucleic acid.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the molecule that contains the genetic data necessary for an organism to develop and perform its functions.
DNA is shaped like a double helix, which consists of two connected strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder.
DNA contains the atoms adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) (T).
Therefore, each DNA molecule would have a single density since it would be made up of 3/4 light and 1/4 heavy sections.
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Some poisonous plants harm people and animals because they produce compounds that are structurally similar to amino acids. Possible reasons why these compounds are toxic include that they _______________ select all correct phrases.
Possible reasons why they produce compounds that are structurally similar to amino acids are toxic include that they
chаnge the finаl folded shаpe of the proteinimpаir the function of proteinsаre recognized by аmino аcyl tRNА synthetаses, аnd аre linked to а tRNА moleculeWhat is the function of protein for some poisonous plants?Plаnts hаve evolved to synthesize а vаriety of noxious compounds to cope with unfаvorаble circumstаnces, аmong which а lаrge group of toxic proteins thаt plаy а criticаl role in plаnt defence аgаinst predаtors аnd microbes. Up to now, а wide rаnge of hаrmful proteins hаve been discovered in different plаnts, including lectins, ribosome-inаctivаting proteins, proteаse inhibitors, ureаses, аrcelins, аntimicrobiаl peptides аnd pore-forming toxins.
The function of а protein is dependent upon the shаpe into which the chаin of аmino аcids folds. Mаny noncovаlent interаctions аre is responsible for mаintаining the protein's shаpe. When we hаve isolаted а protein from аn orgаnism in its proper shаpe, аnd we hаve treаted it with аn enzyme thаt selectively tаrgets аnd breаks only the peptide bonds in the proteins. The protein would not retаin its shаpe under these conditions. While the noncovаlent bonds determine the shаpe of а protein, the peptide bonds аre required to hold the аmino аcids together.
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A nutrition facts label lists total fat as 10 grams and saturated fat as 4 grams. How many calories does fat provide?.
90 calories is the amount of calories does the fat consisting of total fat as 10 grams and saturated fat as 4 grams.
One of the six nutrients your body requires to be healthy is fat. Calories are produced by proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Protein and carbohydrates both contain 4 calories per gram. There are 9 calories in 1 gram of fat.
Similar to a teaspoon or an inch, a calorie is a unit of measurement. Calories are the units of energy used by your body during food digestion and absorption. A meal might provide your body extra energy if it has more calories. Knowing that there are 9 calorie per 1 gram of fat:
Total calories = 10 grams of fat x (9 calories/1 gram of fat)
Total calories = 90 calories
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The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of ____ molecules. Each chromosome carries a large number of genes. In body cells, the chromosomes are normally found in p____
Answer:
En biología, el núcleo celular es una estructura membranosa que se encuentra normalmente en el centro de las células eucariotas. Contiene la mayor parte del material genético celular, organizado en varias moléculas extraordinariamente largas y lineales de ADN, con una gran variedad de proteínas,
Explanation:
Chromosomes composed of DNA molecules are found in a cell's nucleus. Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are the four nucleotides that make up the double-stranded molecule of DNA.
What is the location of genes ?Genes, the fundamental building blocks of genetic information, are found in great abundance on each chromosome. The inheritance of features and attributes is controlled by genes, which are composed of DNA.
The chromosomes are often found in pairs in body cells. One chromosome from the mother and one from the father make up each pair of chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes refer to this. There are different numbers of chromosomes in each species' cells. For instance, although fruit flies have 8 pairs of chromosomes, humans normally have 23 pairs. Chromosome pairing is crucial to the process.
The process of meiosis, the form of cell division that results in gametes, depends on the pairing of chromosomes. Crossing over occurs when homologous chromosomes team up and exchange genetic material during meiosis.
Genetic diversity, a necessary component of evolution, is produced as a result of this process. Additionally, it guarantees that every gamete receives a full complement of chromosomes.
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the lysis buffer used in this lab exercise is a generic bacterial lysis buffer. that means it does a decent job lysing common bacteria, such as gram positive and gram negative bacteria. lysozyme is included in this buffer to degrade peptidoglycan. thick layers of petidoglycan prevent the other components of the lysis buffer from being able to access and destabilize the cell membrane and, therefore, reduce lysis efficiency. if the lysozyme were to have been left out of the buffer when it was prepared, how would that influence the extractions that you performed?
(D) "There would be a minimal reduction in efficiency since both isolates were Gram negative." is how would that influence the extractions that you performed.
For the purpose of dissecting cells for use in molecular biology investigations that examine the labile macromolecules of the cells, lysis buffers are buffer solutions (e.g. western blot for protein, or for DNA extraction). To control the pH and osmolarity of the lysate, most lysis buffers include buffering salts like Tris-HCl and ionic salts like NaCl.
In healthcare settings, gram-negative bacteria can cause diseases such pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis. Gram-negative bacteria are becoming more and more resistant to the majority of existing antibiotics, as well as to a number of other medications.
Since both isolates were Gram negative, there would be a little drop in efficiency.
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Question correction:
The lysis buffer used in this lab exercise is a generic bacterial lysis buffer. That means it does a decent job lysing common bacteria, such as Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Lysozyme is included in this buffer to degrade peptidoglycan. Thick layers of petidoglycan prevent the other components of the lysis buffer from being able to access and destabilize the cell membrane and, therefore, reduce lysis efficiency. If the lysozyme were to have been left out of the buffer when it was prepared, how would that influence the extractions that you performed?
A. There would be a marked reduction in efficiency since both isolated were Gram positive. Incorrect The extraction would fail as lysozyme is absolutely required.
B. Salmonella isoaltes would have minimally reduced efficiency while non-Salmonella isolates would have markedly reduced efficiency.
C. Salmonella isoaltes would have markedly reduced efficiency while non-Salmonella isolates would have minimally reduced efficiency.
D. There would be a minimal reduction in efficiency since both isolates were Gram negative.
