Options 1,2,4,and 6 are correct because of multiple factors that effect entropy of a reaction in various conditions.
1- Entropy is a state function-the current value doesn't depend on the reaction previous history.
2- Entropy is a measure of the randomness or disorder of the system.
4- Any spontaneous process increases the total entropy of the entire universe.
6- Entropy increases when a solid turns into a gas. The statement 3 is not correct, the standard entropy of a pure substance at a given temperature is not always zero. And statement 5 is not correct since the product of a chemical reaction doesn't have to have a higher entropy than the reactants, it depends on the specific reaction.
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Please Help Quick ASAP Hurry Chemistry Unit 4 Review Sheet
SO2(g) + O2(g) → SO3(g)
4. If 65.8 grams of SO3 are produced in the unbalanced reaction below, how many grams of oxygen reacted?
SO2(g) + O2(g) → SO3(g)
Work:
Ans:_________
The mass of oxygen that reacted would be 26.32 grams.
Stoichiometric problemThe balanced equation of the reaction would be as follows:
[tex]SO_2(g) + 2O_2(g) --- > 2SO_3(g)[/tex]
Thus, the mole ratio of the [tex]SO_3[/tex] that is produced and the [tex]O_2[/tex] that reacts is 1:1.
Recall that, mole is the ratio of mass and molar mass. That is:
Mole = mass/molar mass
Mole of 65.8 grams of [tex]SO_3[/tex] = 65.8/80 = 0.8225 mol
From the mole ratio, the equivalent mol of [tex]O_2[/tex] that reacts would also be 0.8225 mol.
Mass of 0.8225 mol [tex]O_2[/tex] = 0.8225 x 32
= 26.32 grams
In other words, the mass of oxygen that reacted to produce 65.8 grams of [tex]SO_3[/tex] according to the reaction is 26.32 grams.
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1. Which set of elements share the most similar properties?
a. Argon, Potassium, and Calcium
b. Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
c. Aluminum, Gallium, and Indium
how many kcal are produced when 32.0 g of ch4 react? ch4 + 2o2 → co2 + 2h2o + 218 kcal
The boiling point of methanol (CH3OH) is 64.7 °C. The boiling point of methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) is 5.96 °C. Which one of the following statements correctly explains this difference?
a) Methanol has a higher boiling point because it has ion-dipole interactions.
b) Methanol has a higher boiling point because it has stronger dispersion forces.
c) Methanol has a higher boiling point because it can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
d) Methyl mercaptan has a lower boiling point because it is nonpolar.
e) Methyl mercaptan has a lower boiling point because it is more polar than methanol.
CH3CH2OH has more dispersion forces than CH3OH, so it has the highest boiling point.
What is the boiling point of methanol CH3OH?The primary alcohol and the simplest aliphatic alcohol is methanol, which consists of a methyl and an alcohol group. It serves as an amphiprotic solvent, a fuel, a metabolite for humans, mice, Escherichia coli, and other organisms, as well as a metabolite for Mycoplasma genitalium.
It is a primary alcohol, a volatile organic chemical, a one-carbon compound, and an alkyl alcohol. The acid is a methoxide's conjugate. The strongest intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed by water, giving it the highest boiling point.
Although ethanol and methanol also create powerful intermolecular hydrogen bonds, water has twice as many intermolecular hydrogen bonds per molecule as ethanol and methanol do. This is so because, whereas in water, 2 H atoms are bonded to an electronegative oxygen atom.
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which of the following compounds would we expect to be a liquid at room temperature?
A) CaF2
B) N2O
C) CsF
D) CH4
E) PBr3
The compound that would be expected to be a liquid at room temperature is CsF.
The correct option is C.
What are liquid compounds?A liquid is a compound that is one of the three states in which matter exists.
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid with an (almost) constant volume regardless of the pressure that adapts to the shape of its container.
Liquid compounds have intermolecular forces that are lesser in strength than that solids but are stronger than the intermolecular forces that exist in gases.
Examples of liquid compounds are water, CsF, etc.
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write an arrhenius reaction to determine if Ba(OH)2 is an acid or base
Answer:
The Arrhenius theory defines an acid as a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous solution and a base as a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in an aqueous solution.
To determine if Ba(OH)2 is an acid or a base, we can write an Arrhenius reaction:
If Ba(OH)2 is a base, it will dissociate in water to form Ba2+ ions and OH- ions, according to the equation:
Ba(OH)2(s) → Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
If Ba(OH)2 is an acid, it will react with water to form Ba2+ and H3O+ ions, according to the equation:
Ba(OH)2(s) + H2O(l) -> Ba2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)
As we can see, in the first reaction Ba(OH)2 is a base, it will dissociate in water to form Ba2+ ions and OH- ions. Ba(OH)2 is a strong base and it can neutralize an acid, forming water and a salt.
identify all of the chirality centers in the structure
There are three chirality centers in the structure: The carbon atom at the center of the molecule, the nitrogen atom at the top of the molecule, the oxygen atom at the bottom of the molecule.
What is structure?
Structure is the arrangement of components within a system. It is used to define the layout, connections and interactions of those components, in order to achieve a certain purpose. Structures can be physical, such as the structure of a bridge, or abstract, such as the structure of a story. Structures can be simple or complex and can involve multiple levels of inter-related components. For example, a business may have a hierarchical organizational structure with a CEO at the top, followed by a board of directors and then various departments and teams. Structure is an important part of any system because it helps to create order and organization, and provides clarity and understanding.
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List all soluble salt
Answer:
Calcium, potassium, aluminum, chlorine, bromine
Explanation:
I do not know all of them, but here are some.
Part A
Draw the Lewis structure for HCCH (ethyne).
Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all hydrogen atoms and all lone pairs of electrons.
The Lewis structure for HCCH (ethyne) by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds is-
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lewis structure of ethyne is
Ethyne, also known as acetylene, is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C2H2. It is a colorless and highly flammable gas that has a distinct garlic-like smell. Ethyne is a member of the alkyne family, which is characterized by its triple bond between the two carbon atoms. This triple bond gives ethyne its unique chemical properties, such as high reactivity and stability.
Ethyne is used in a variety of industrial processes, such as welding and cutting, where the intense heat generated by the combustion of ethyne is used to melt metal. It is also used as a raw material in the production of chemicals such as acrylonitrile and vinyl acetylene. However, ethyne should be handled with caution as it is extremely flammable and can cause serious injury if not handled properly.
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A 1.00 L solution saturated at 25∘C with lead(II) iodide contains 0.54 g of PbI2.
Calculate the solubility-product constant for this salt at 25∘C.
The solubility-product constant for this salt at [tex]25^{0}[/tex] C is 6.4 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex]
The solubility product, or Ks, of an ionic compound is the quantity of ions in a saturated solution that are in equilibrium with the solid.
The term "solubility product" refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve as a solute in a solvent to form a solution. The solubility of the ionic compounds that break down in water to form cations and anions varies significantly.
Moles of dissolved [tex]PbI_{2}[/tex] = 0.54 g /461.05 g/mol =0.00117
concentration of dissolved [tex]PbI_{2}[/tex] = 0.00117 mol / 1.0 L = 0.00117 M
Concentration [tex]Pb^{2+}[/tex] = 0.00117 M
Concentration [tex]I^{-}[/tex] = 2 x 0.00117 =0.00234 M
[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = 0.00117[tex](0.00234)^{2}[/tex] = 6.4 x [tex]10^{-9}[/tex].
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3. How many grams of oxygen gas are required to produce 2.9 moles of water?
4C5H₁1NH₂ + 370₂ → 20CO₂ + 26H₂O +
the answer to your mathematical highschool question is 46.3942
Two solid samples each contain sulfur, oxygen, and sodium, only. These samples have the same color, melting point, density, and reaction with an aqueous barium chloride solution. It can be concluded that the two samples are the same.
It can be concluded that the two samples with sulfur, oxygen, and sodium are the same compounds.
Out of the four given choices, option 1 is the most appropriate one. This can be justified by the fact that the samples in the question have the same chemical and physical properties, which are not considered for a mixture. It can neither be a solution because a solution can not exist in solid form but liquid. As per the question, the sample contains three elements, named sulfur, oxygen and sodium, so it is a compound.
A chemical compound is a substance that contains atoms from multiple chemical elements held together by chemical bonds. It is made up of numerous identical molecules. Therefore, a molecule made up of only one type of atom is not a compound.
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Complete question is:
Two solid samples each contain sulfur, oxygen, and sodium, only. These samples have the same color, melting point, density, and reaction with an aqueous barium chloride solution. It can be concluded that the two samples are the same.
(1) compound (3) mixture
(2) element (4) solution
CaSO4 has a Ksp = 3x10-5. In which of the following would CaSO4 be the most soluble?
a) 1.0 M CaCl2(aq)
b) 0.5 M K2SO4(aq)
c) pure water
d) CaSO4 would have the same solubility in all three of these solutions
Option (A) is correct. CaSO4 is most soluble in water rather than 1.0M CaCl2(aq.). This is according to the concept of Common ion effect and solubility.
The solubility product of CaSO4 Ksp = 3x10-5
CaSO4 is sparingly soluble in water and this equilibrium is setup between the solid and its ions in solution.
if we add 0.5M K2SO4 solution, the sulfate ion (SO4-2) is the common ion to both of them. this is the origin of the term "common ion effect". according to Lech atelier's principle , the position of equilibrium would shift in order to count what have just done. in this case, it would tend to remove sulfate ion (SO4-2) by making extra solid calcium sulfate. hence it will less soluble and the concentration of calcium ions in the solution will decrease.
similarly , if we add 1.0M CaCl2, it will less soluble and the concentration of sulfate ions (SO4-2) in the solution will decrease.
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All of the following are involved in eukaryotic transcription EXCEPT O 1. General transcription factors O 2. A rho factor O 3. Transcription activators O 4. Transcription initiation complex
All of the following are involved in eukaryotic transcription EXCEPT a rho factor. The correct answer is 2.
Eukaryotic transcription is the process by which genetic information in DNA is transcribed into RNA. This process is carried out by a large complex of proteins and enzymes, including general transcription factors, transcription activators, and a transcription initiation complex.
These proteins and enzymes work together to unwind the DNA double helix, recruit the RNA polymerase enzyme to the promoter region of the gene, and begin the process of synthesizing RNA. The rho factor is not typically involved in this process, as it is specific to prokaryotic cells and is involved in the termination of transcription.
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in the ohio state studies, ________ refers to how strict a leader's standards are.
Explanation:
reacting to something that has been said
Considering the following reaction
Pt²⁺(aq) + 2Br⁻(aq) ⇄ Pt(s) + Br₂(l) K=5.3 × 10³
if the concentration of Pt²⁺(aq) is 2.0 × 10⁻² M and the concentration of Br⁻(aq) is 2.0 × 10⁻² M
which of the following is true?
Question 5 options:
• Q > K reactants will form more products as the system reaches equilibrium.
• Q > K products will form more reactants as the system reaches equilibrium.
• Q < K reactants will form more products as the system reaches equilibrium.
• Q < K products will form more reactants as the system reaches equilibrium.
• Q = K the system is at equilibrium.
Q > K products will form more reactants as the system reaches equilibrium. Is true.
What is reaction quotient?The ratio of products to reactants in a process at any particular moment is measured by the reaction quotient Q.By dividing the concentrations of the reactants raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients by the concentrations of the products raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients, the reaction quotient (Q) is computed.
Q = [Pt(s)][Br₂(1)] / [Pt²+(aq)][Br¯(aq)]²
And if initial concentrations of both Pt²+(aq) and Br-(aq)
is 2.0× 10-² M,
Therefore Q = (1)(1)/(2.0×10-²)³
Since this reaction's equilibrium constant (K) is 5.3 x 103, Q > K suggests that as the system achieves equilibrium, more reactants will be formed from the products.
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85
A sample of ammonium phosphate can be prepared by the reaction of aqueous
ammonia and phosphoric acid.
3NH3 (aq) + H₂PO4 (aq)
(NH4),PO4 (aq)
25.0cm³ of 1.25 mol/dm³ phosphoric acid is neutralised by 45.3cm³ of aqueous
ammonia.
(a) Calculate the concentration in mol/dm3 of the ammonia used.
[3]
(b) (i) Show by calculation that 4.66g of ammonium phosphate would be produced.
Assume that the yield is 100%. [Mr: (NH4)3PO4, 149]
The concentration of ammonia used is equal to 2.07 mol.dm⁻³.
What is a neutralization reaction?A neutralization reaction can be explained as a reaction in which an acid and base react to form respective salt and water. When a strong acid will react with a strong base and the respective salt will be neither acidic nor basic.
When H₃PO₄ reacts with ammonia, the resulting salt is ammonium phosphate.
H₃PO₄ + 3 NH₃ → (NH₄)₃PO₄
Given, the concentration of phosphoric acid = 1.25 mol dm⁻³
The volume of the phosphoric acid = 25 cm³ = 25 × 10⁻³ dm³
The number of moles of phosphoric acid, n = M × V = 1.25 × 25 × 10⁻³ = 0.0313 mol
The volume of the ammonia = 45.3 cm³ = 45.3 × 10⁻³ dm³
The number of moles of ammonia, n = 0.0313×3 = 0.0938 mol
The concentration of ammonia = 0.0938/45.3 × 10⁻³ = 2.07 mol dm⁻³
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Cellulose is a polysaccharide which has O only 8-1,4-bonds between glucose units O only a-1,4-links bonds glucose units O both a-1,4-and a-1,6-bonds between glucose units O hemiacetal links joining glucose units O carbon-carbon bonds joining glucose units
In the polysaccharide cellulose, large numbers of monosaccharides are linked together through glycosidic linkages.
What is cellulose a polysaccharide of?TPolysaccharides, which are the most ubiquitous carbohydrates in nature, serve a number of functions, including energy storage and incorporation into plant cell walls.
Tens to thousands of monosaccharides are joined together via glycosidic linkages to form large polymers known as polysaccharides. The three most frequent polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose. They are collectively referred to as homopolymers because, after complete hydrolysis, each of these three exclusively yields one type of monosaccharide (glucose).
Heteropolymers may also comprise sugar acids, amino sugars, or non-carbohydrate substances in addition to monosaccharides. Polysaccharides, a class of non-reducing carbohydrates, are not sweet and do not change.
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thin filaments of si may be prepared by the deomposition of sih4 to si and h2. what mass of sih4 is required to prepare 0.2173 g of si using this method
Mole of [tex]SiH_{4}[/tex] is0.0077 and The mass of [tex]SiH_{4}[/tex] is required to prepare is 0.2464g
The mole, abbreviated as mol, is the International System of Units' unit of material amount. How many elementary entities of a particular substance are contained in an object or sample is determined by the quantity of that material. The Avogadro number, or approximately how many nucleons (protons or neutrons) are in one gram of common matter, is the number of elementary particles in one mole. The most prevalent carbon isotope, carbon-12, weighs 12 grams, therefore the traditional definition of a mole was the quantity of elementary particles equal to that weight.
[tex]SiH_{4}\rightarrow Si+2H_{2}[/tex]For the 0.2173g of Si , The moles of Si=[tex]\frac{Given\: mass}{Molar \:mass}[/tex]
moles of Si=[tex]\frac{0.2173}{28}[/tex]
moles of Si=0.0077
then,, According to Stoichiometry
moles of Si=moles of [tex]SiH_{4}[/tex]=0.0077
molar mass of [tex]SiH_{4}[/tex]=32g
mass of [tex]SiH_{4}[/tex]=moles of [tex]SiH_{4}[/tex] x 32g
mass of [tex]SiH_{4}[/tex]=32 x 0.0077=0.2464g
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Rank the following in order of decreasing the rate of effusion. F2 SF6 He Ar a. He > F2 > SF6 > Ar b. He > F2 > Ar > SF6 c. Ar > He > SF6 > F2 d. SF6 > Ar > F2 > He e. OF2 > Ar> He > SF6
He> F2 > Ar > SF6.
How may effusion rates be compared?A square root of a gas's molecular weight has an inverse relationship with the rate for effusion of that gas.A gas will effuse faster when it is lighter and more slowly when it is heavier.
N2 or O2: which has a greater effusion rate?In comparison to oxygen, nitrogen has a smaller molar mass.As a result, the rate of nitrogen effusion is greater than that of oxygen effusion.
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An astronomer has proposed a new theory about the evolution of the universe. which of these would prevent the proposed theory from being discarded? discussion about the theory on television explanation of the theory by some students publication of the theory in a science magazine acceptance of the theory by a majority of scientists
The process of scientific inquiry is based on evidence and experimentation, and theories are continually tested and evaluated based on new data and observations.
A theory proposed by an astronomer would need to be thoroughly evaluated and supported by evidence from various sources, including observations, experiments, and calculations. One important aspect is the ability of the theory to make testable predictions, and whether it can be evaluated by independent researchers and other scientists.
In summary, the scientific method is a self-correcting process that relies on objective evidence and experimentation to evaluate theories and make progress in our understanding of the universe. A proposed theory is only considered accepted if it has been repeatedly and independently confirmed through experiments, research and other scientific endeavors, that's why the most important thing for any theory is the evidence and scientific validation to support it.
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Scientific investigation is founded on data and experiments, and ideas are regularly put to the test and astronomer's in light of fresh information and observations.
An astronomer's theory would have to be carefully examined and backed by data from numerous sources, such as observations, experiments, and computations. The theory's capacity for testable predictions and its suitability for evaluation by other scientists and independent researchers are both crucial observations. In conclusion, the scientific method is a self-correcting procedure that depends on empirical data and experiments to assess theories and advance our comprehension of the cosmos. Only until it has been independently and repeatedly verified by experiments, study, and other scientific endeavours is a given theory deemed accepted.
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calculate the relative atomic mass of an element R given that the relative abundance of 63R and 65R are 68% and 32% respectively
The relative atomic mass of an element R with two isotopes 63R and 65R is 63.64.
How to calculate relative atomic mass?Relative atomic mass is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the naturally occurring form of an element to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
The relative atomic mass (RAM) of an element with two isotopes can be calculated by multiplying the mass of each isotope by its respective percentage abundance as follows:
63R = 68%65R = 32%RAM = (63 × 0.68) + (65 × 0.32)
RAM = 42.84 + 20.8
RAM = 63.64
Therefore, 63.64 is the relative atomic mass of the element R.
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An alarm clock draws 0. 6 a of current when connected to a 120 volt circuit. Calculate its resistance.
An alarm clock draws 0. 6 a of current when connected to a 120 volt circuit. So the resistance of the alarm clock is 200 ohms.
To calculate the resistance of the alarm clock, we can use Ohm's Law, which states that the current through a conductor is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance. The equation is:
V = I * R
Where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance. We know that the voltage is 120 volts and the current is 0.6 amps, so we can rearrange the equation to solve for R:
R = V / I
By substitute the known value
R = 120 volts / 0.6 amps = 200 ohms.
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Which is found inside the stem of a plant?
A. epidermis
B. root hairs
C. xylem
D. leaves
____ sensors project and detect an infrared beam across an area.
a. Photoelectric c. Air-aspirating
b. Smoke d. Thermal
Photoelectric sensors project and detect an infrared beam across an area.
photoelectric phenomenon in which charged particles are emitted from or within a material upon absorption of electromagnetic radiation. This effect is often defined as the ejection of electrons from a metal plate when light hits it. In a broader definition, radiant energy can be infrared, visible, or ultraviolet, X-rays, or gamma rays. Materials can be solids, liquids, or gases. Emitted particles can be both ions (charged atoms or molecules) and electrons.
This phenomenon was fundamental to the development of modern physics as it posed an enigmatic question about the properties of light (the behavior of particles or waves) that was finally solved by Albert Einstein in 1905.
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For the IR Spectra of 4-Aminophenol and Acetaminophen, label the following on the provided IR samples (if they are available): O-H peak, C-H (SP2), C-H (SP3), C=C, C=O, C-O, C-C, N-H, and C-N. Hint: it would be helpful to first identify the functional groups present in each compound.
For the IR Spectra of 4-Aminophenol, the functional groups present are amine (N-H) and hydroxyl (O-H). The N-H stretch is typically around 3300-3500 cm⁻¹, while the O-H stretch is around 3200-3600 cm⁻¹.
For Acetaminophen, the functional groups present are amide (C=O) and hydroxyl (O-H). The C=O stretch is typically around 1700-1730 cm⁻¹ and the O-H stretch is around 3400-3500 cm⁻¹.
IR spectra functional groupsThis condition are approximate wavenumber ranges, and the exact peak locations may vary depending on the sample, instrumentation, and measurement conditions.
Factors like the sample preparation, temperature, humidity, pressure and the instrument used to measure the spectra can affect the peak positions and intensity. This is why it is important to compare spectra to known compounds or standards to confirm the identification of functional groups. Additionally, the chemical environment of a functional group can also influence its vibrational frequency, and so the exact peak location may vary depending on the specific compound and functional group.
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The formula charges on the sulfur and oxygen atoms in SO3 -2, drawn with single bonds and no expanded octet, are, respectively,
A) +6 and -2
B) +4 and -2
C) +2 and -2
D) +1 and -1
E) +1 and -2
The formal charges on the sulfur and the oxygen are +6 and -2 respectively. Option A
What is the formal charge?Let us note that the formal charge would have to do with the kind of charge that the atom in the compound would tend to have. In the case of the compound that we have here, we are looking at the formal charges on the sulfur and the oxygen atoms in the compound.
Now we know that the sulfur atom would have a formal charge of + 6 if there are no double bonds that are in the structure while each of the oxygen atoms would have a formal charge of -1.
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Help pleaseeee I dont really understand what it is asking me. This is study island btw
Answer:
Hydrogen can only have 1 proton, if it has a different number of protons then its not hydrogen, elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes
If 0.75 g of a monoprotic weak acid required 22.50 mL of 0.510 M NaOH to titrate it, what is the molar mass of the acid
The molar mass of the acid is 65 g/mol if 0.75 g of a monoprotic weak acid used 22.50 mL of 0.510 M NaOH to titrate it.
The quantity of a substance in a specific volume of solution is known as its molarity (M) and this is written as M = n÷V where M is molarity, V is the volume of solution in liters, and n is the number of moles.
First, let's write the balanced equation is,
[tex]\mathrm{HA + NaOH \rightarrow NaA + H_2O}[/tex]
Now, we can calculate the number of moles of HA from the above formula,
[tex]\begin{aligned}n&=\text{molarity}\times\text{volume}\\&=0.51\times2.25\times10^{-2}\\&=\mathrm{1.147\times10^{-2}\;mol}\end{aligned}[/tex]
By balanced chemical equation, the number of moles of NaOH is calculated as follows,
[tex]\begin{aligned}\text{moles of NaOH reacted }&= \frac{1}{1} \times\text{moles of HA}\\&=\frac{1}{1}\times1.147\times10^{-2}\\&=\mathrm{1.147\times10^{-2}\;mol}\end{aligned}[/tex]
Then, the molar mass of the acid is,
[tex]\begin{aligned}\text{number of moles (n)}&=\mathrm{\frac{mass}{molar\;mass}}\\\text{molar mass}&=\mathrm{\frac{mass}{n}}\\&=\mathrm{\frac{0.75\;g}{1.147\times10^{-2}\;mol}}\\&=\mathrm{0.6539\times10^{-2}\;g/mol}\\&=\mathrm{65.39g/mol}\\&\approx\mathrm{65\;g/mol}\end{aligned}[/tex]
The required answer is 65 g/mol.
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How is ph important during digestion? a. digestion needs a constant ph to take place. b. different foods have different ph values. c. enzymes react best with acids. d. different enzymes work best at different ph values.
The value of pH is important during digestion because d. different enzymes work best at different pH values.
What is a protein enzyme molecule?A protein enzyme molecule is a biomolecule used during digestion to carry out the chemical reaction in order to break down foods into smaller particles, which are well known to lower the activation energy requires to produce such reactions.
Protein enzyme molecules are well known to act under certain conditions and the maximum work rate of an enzyme depends on the environment which involves the pH value associated with the presence of hydrogen protons that are able to interact with the substrates of different digestive enzymes.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that protein enzyme molecules are able to lower the activation energy of a given chemical reaction and they work under specific environmental conditions including the pH of the media.
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