In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is split into two molecules of pyruvate and energy is harvested as ATP and NADH.
Glycolysis is the process that can be characterized as the first stage of cellular respiration followed by the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration is the process that occurs in the cells of the body to release energy from glucose derived from food molecules.
In the process of glycolysis, the glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules by a series of complex processes. ATP and NADH is released in the process of glycolysis.
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What piece controls the amount of light that enters
the microscope ?
did it matter whether the cells for the catalase test were grown in broth or on slants? that is, did the medium affect the catalase reaction for a given species? why or why not?
The answer to the statement " did it matter whether the cells for the catalase test were grown in broth or on slants " is that does not matter.
The medium of a catalase reaction in a species of an organism is not affected. Why is that it does not matter whether the cells for the catalase test were grown in any medium?The simple reason why it does not matter when the cells which are used for catalase test were grown in any medium is that it still produce the same results in either way.
However, catalase test can also be transferred even to a slide.
So therefore, we can confirm now that the medium to demonstrate catalase test does not matter.
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Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful in an organism, changing their fitness in a population. which of these scenarios model how mutations can be detrimental to an organism ? select all that apply
Mutations can be categorized into three main groups based on how they affect fitness: the "good" or advantageous mutations that improve fitness, the "bad" or deleterious mutations that reduce fitness, and the "indifferent" or the neutral mutations are usually remain unaffected by selection because their effects are very small
One of the primary mechanisms driving the evolution is mutation, it increases population variability and promotes the evolutionary changes . For instance,
the consequences of mutations frequently depend on other mutations present or absent their effects can also depend on the environment the fate of mutations may depend on size and structure of population, which can severely limit the ability of selection to discriminate among the three types (making all seem nearly ‘indifferent’)mutations' fate can also be depend on fate of others that have more pronounced effects and are in close proximity on the same chromosome.To this purpose, we should take into account a variety of molecular and phenotypic characteristics of evolution and the extant populations, and ask how these characteristics may get described in terms of mutational rates and types, as well as how they are impacted by factors that are going to determine their futures.
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Some steps in cell division are shown below:
1. Haploid chromosomes align in the center of the cell
2. Sister chromatids separate
3. The cell undergoes cytokinesis
4. Four new daughter cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell form.
The steps above most likely describe?
__________________________________________________
Prophase
Meiosis 2
Interphase
Meiosis 1
The steps above most likely describe Meiosis 2, which occurs after Interkinesis. Cell division is of two types: Mitosis and Meiosis.
The formation of four haploid daughter cells is the characteristic feature of Meiosis 2. Separation of sister chromatids, alignment of haploid chromosomes, and formation of four daughter cells occur in the second half of meiosis.
Ploidy level changes in heredity during the onset of Meiosis. Meiosis segregates and restores the ploidy level from one generation to another. Meiosis is a defining trait of haploid cells and haploid organisms. Crossing over leading to variations is an integral part of Meiosis.
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Answer:It is B
Explanation:
PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
B. Spore
Spores are unicellular, surrounded by layers of membrane to resist high temperatures, and other environmental factors.
Answer:
B. Spore
Explanation:
Spores are typically single-celled (haploid) and have thick walls so that they can resist high temperatures, humidity, and other environmental conditions.
Please Help Mehhhhh!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
When there is a failure to control the cell cycle, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth it is known as?.
When there is a failure to control the cell cycle, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth it is known as cancer.
Cancer can be described as a condition in which particular cells of the body start to divide in an uncontrolled manner. As a result of this uncontrolled division, the cells of the own body turn out to be disruptive to the body.
If the cells keep on dividing in an uncontrolled manner, they will keep on multiplying and spreading to different parts of the body.
Due to these uncontrolled divisions, cancer can be a threatful disease and diagnosing it during the early stages gives more chances of survival than the later ones.
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a common inhabitant of human intestines is the bacterium escherichia coli. a cell of this bacterium in a nutrient-broth medium divides into two cells every 20 minutes. the initial population of a culture is 52 cells. find the relative growth rate. (assume t is measured in hours.)
Relative growth rate of the bacterium will be k=ln8
E. coli: Escherichia coli, more commonly referred to as just E. coli, is well-known for causing severe human illness, but there are only a few strains. The majority of strains are harmless and naturally occur in the human intestine.
From the equation: [tex]p(t) = p_{o} e^{kt}[/tex]
[tex]\\p_{o} = 52, t= 20 min = \frac{20}{60} hr = \frac{1}{3} hr.[/tex]
To find Relative growth:
[tex]\frac{p(t)}{p_{o} } = 2[/tex] at [tex]t= \frac{1}{3} hr\\[/tex] (as cell divide into 2 in first 20 min)
[tex]2= e^{\frac{k}{3} } , ln2= \frac{k}{3}[/tex]
therefore, k= ln8
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which human activity is least likely to be a major threat to marine systems? group of answer choices habitat destruction from coastal development runoff of nonpoint source pollution overfishing sinking of ships to create artificial reefs invasive species introduced by humans
Human entertainment is least likely to pose the greatest threat to marine systems. Overfishing and sinking ships to create artificial coral reefs
Marine biology is the study of marine organisms, their behavior, and their interactions with the environment. Marine biologists discover marine life by studying chemistry, physics, and geological oceanography related to biological oceanography. Seafood or clam shells like our bodies; marine engines generated by the action of ocean currents or waves; with marine sediments.
Marine biologists don't have that kind of immersion now. Many roles are performed in the laboratory or on the job site, and fieldwork regularly includes research that may be performed on a boat or on the shore. You don't even need to understand how to swim! Of course, it is very interesting to have underwater next to the animal you are analyzing. Marine and aquatic biology is the study of marine and freshwater organisms, their behavior, and their interactions with the environment. Marine and aquatic biology is a sub-discipline of oceanography and biology.
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Fur color in animals is frequently controlled by more than one gene. However, brown fur in rabbits is dominant over white fur. A white female gives birth to all white rabbits, even though the father had brown fur. Show how this is possible. (5 pts)
Genotype: Phenotype
(Punnett square pls)
It is possible for a white female rabbit to give birth to all white rabbits even if the father had a brown fur. This is largely due to chance.
Chance in geneticsLet us first consider the cross in question.
Brown fur is dominant over white fur. Assuming the brown allele is B while the white allele is b, a brown rabbit will have a genotype of either BB or Bb. A white rabbit, on the other hand, can only have a bb genotype.
This means that the genotype of the female rabbit will be bb. If the genotype of the brown fur father is BB:
BB x bb
Bb Bb Bb Bb
All the offspring will have brown fur since B is dominant over b.
In other words, the genotype of the father rabbit can only be Bb.
Bb x bb
Bb Bb bb bb
Genotype ratio = 50% Bb : 50% bb
Phenotype ratio = 50% brown fur : 50% white fur
The chances of producing white fur offspring is 50% while that of brown fur offspring is also 50%. Given enough population of offspring, these chances will reflect.
However, with a small population of offspring, it is possible for either of the fur colors to be dominant. An all-white or all-brown fur offspring can result in a small population.
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A certain species of animal has six pairs of chromosomes. How many sister chromatids do the nuclei of this animal’s cells have during the g2 phase?.
A certain species of animal has six pairs of chromosomes. So, there are 24 sister chromatids the nuclei of this animal’s cells have during the G2 phase.
How do we solve for the nuclei of this animal’s cells during the G2 phase?A certain species of animal is hаving six pаirs of chromosomes, thаt is 2n = 12. During G1 phаse, the number of chromosomes will remаin the sаme, thаt is 12. During S phаse, duplicаtion of the DNА tаkes plаce, however, the number of chromosomes will remаin the sаme. Hence, in S phаse, there will be 24 DNА аnd 12 chromosomes. In G2 phаse, the number of DNА molecules аnd number of chromosomes will remаin sаme аs thаt in S phаse. Thus, it will hаve 24 DNА molecules аnd 12 chromosomes.
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When the ground becomes saturated in a rain storm and the excess cannot be soaked up, the water will travel along the ground until it hits a low-lying area or a larger body of water. The water that is not absorbed into the ground, including the larger body of water, is _______.
A.
groundwater
B.
a puddle
C.
fertilizer
D.
surface water
The water that is not absorbed into the ground, including the larger body of water, is surface water and is denoted as option D.
What is Surface water?This is referred to as the body of water which is present on a terrestrial surface such as land etc.
Examples of surface water include rivers, oceans etc and they comprise of the water that is not absorbed into the ground to form what is known as ground water due to different types of factors and parameters which is therefore the reason why option D was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The bigger body of water, as well as the water that is not absorbed into the earth, is considered surface water. Thus, option D is correct.
What are the factor in formation of surface water?Rainfall is the principal source of surface water. It is a mixture of groundwater and surface runoff.
Groundwater and surface water are intimately related. Through the pores and fissures in the soil, sand, and rocks, some surface water seeps deep into the ground.
Runoff is the term for the surface water that results from precipitation and melted snow.
Therefore, The water that is not absorbed into the ground, including the larger body of water, is surface water.
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Question 8 of 10
What is the next step in the scientific method, following forming a
hypothesis?
O A. Conducting an experiment
O B. Stating the question
OC. Analyzing the data
OC. Analyzing the data is the next step in the scientific method, following forming a hypothesis
What is a hypothesis tested by science?Making conjectures (hypothetical explanations), drawing predictions as logical conclusions from the hypotheses, and then conducting tests or making actual observations based on those predictions are all steps in the scientific method.
The steps of the scientific method should be followed in this order: notice a phenomena, formulate a hypothesis, plan and carry out an experiment to verify the hypothesis, analyse and interpret the data, and then communicate the findings to other scientists.
An "informed guess" is how the term hypothesis is defined. A scientific theory has to satisfy two requirements: it has to be testable, and it has to be falsifiable. It is not considered scientific when a theory cannot be verified by observation.
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the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) uses rna, rather than dna, to encode genetic information. during infection, however, hiv uses an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase to generate double-stranded dna. generally speaking, how would the enzyme generate a double strand of dna from a single strand of rna?
In order to create a second strand of DNA that is complementary to the first one, reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA.
What is DNA?Single-stranded RNA is transformed into DNA by the DNA polymerase enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT), also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This enzyme can produce a double helix DNA after the RNA has been reverse transcribed in a first step into a single-strand DNA.Transcription is the first step in gene expression. The DNA sequence of a gene needs to be duplicated in order to produce an RNA molecule. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerases, which combine nucleotides to form an RNA strand.The process of producing RNA from the genetic material found in DNA is called transcription. RNA polymerases, which combine nucleotides to make an RNA strand, carry out transcription.In order to create a second strand of DNA that is complementary to the first one, reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA.To learn more about DNA refer to:
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Compared to earths solar system the universe is inferred to be
Answer: Compared to earths solar system, the universe is inferred to be? older and larger.
Explanation:
Which is the change in size of a group of organisms of the same species over time?
-population growth
-death rate
-birth rate
-immigration and emigration
The change in size of a group of organisms of the same species over time is called population growth (option A).
What is population growth?Population growth is the change in size of a group of organisms of the same species over a particular time.
The population growth rate also called the rate of increase or per capita growth rate equals the birth rate minus the death rate divided by the initial population size.
The population growth rate can be symbolized as follows: ∆P i.e. change in population size.
A population can be affected by the following;
Death rateBirth rateImmigrationEmigrationTherefore, population growth is the change in population size of the species of that population.
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Answer:
The change in size of a group of organisms of the same species over time is called population growth
Explanation:
. which of the following correctly identify which organs develop from different embryonic tissue layers in a frog? liver develops from endoderm, nerves develops from mesoderm, muscles develop from ectoderm brain develops from endoderm, heart develops from mesoderm, epidermis develops from ectoderm liver develops from endoderm, heart develops from mesoderm, brain develops from ectoderm notochord develops from endoderm, liver develops from mesoderm, eye lens develops from ectoderm
The following correctly identifies which organs develop from different embryonic tissue layers in a frog is Gastrula.
The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and epidermal skin cells the mesoderm gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body, and the endoderm gives rise to the digestive system and other internal organs. The fertilized egg becomes a hard ball of cells increase. It then becomes a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst In the uterus the blastocyst nests in the uterine wall.
Attaches to the placenta and develops into an embryo surrounded by a fluid-filled membrane. Gastrulation is defined as an early developmental process in which the embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula. Cotyledons are the primary cell layer formed during embryonic development.
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using the key choices, characterize the following statements relating to long bones. enter the appropriate term(s) or letter(s) in the answer blanks. key choices: diaphysis c. epiphysis e. yellow marrow cavity epiphyseal plate d. red marrow
Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Red marrow, Diaphysis, Yellow membrane cavity, epiphyseal plate are the characteristics of the long bone.
Long bones are tough, dense bones that offer stability, movement, and strength. The femur, or thigh bone, is a long bone. A long bone has two ends and a shaft. Despite their small lengths, some of the fingers bones are categorized as long bones.
The characters of long bones are:
Epiphysis is the Site of spongy bone in adult.Diaphysis is the Site of compact bone in the adult.Red marrow is the Site of hematopoiesis in the adult bone.Diaphysis is the Scientific name for bone shaft.Yellow membrane cavity is the Site of fat storage in the adult.Epiphyseal plate is the site of longitudinal growth in a child.To know more about bones visit the link:
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Of the three carotenoids that can be converted to retinol in the body, ______ is the only one that can be sufficiently absorbed and converted into retinol in the body.
Beta-carotene is the only one of the three carotenoids that can be converted to retinol in the body that is sufficiently absorbed and converted.
Provitamin A carotenoids such as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin can be converted by the body to retinol. Nonprovitamin A carotenoids include lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene because they cannot be converted to retinol.
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effects of poor sanitation
Answer: diseases and it'll lead to pollution
Explanation:
which is not a similarity between glycogen and amylopectin? which is not a similarity between glycogen and amylopectin? each has one reducing end and many nonreducing ends. each has branches of similar chain length. they each contain about 6000 glucose residues. each is highly branched.
Answer:
Amylopectin is an insoluble form of starch
Explanation:
Amylopectin is an insoluble form of starch
please be quick
don’t guess
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Why are enzymes so important in metabolic reactions?
Answer:
Explanation:
Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. They build some substances and break others down. All living things have enzymes.
Grasslands are a very different ecosystem than a wetland. What ecosystem services do you think a grassland might provide for people?
Grasslands provide ecosystem services like creation of habitat for wildlife animals, formation of soil, cycling of nutrients, carbon sequestration as well as air quality and water regulation.
Grasslands include an ecosystem which mainly comprises grasses due to the fact that it receives low precipitation and is mostly occupied by grazing animals. Grasslands occupy about 40% of the Earth's surface.
There are two types of grasslands, i.e. tropical as well as temperate. Tropical grasslands are present in Africa (Savannahs) as well as Australia. Temperate grasslands that are present in Eurasia are known as Steppes, while they are known as Prairies in North America and as Pampas in Argentina.
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How do the different ocean zones help each other?
Answer:
Explanation:
There are three main ocean zones based on distance from shore. They are the intertidal zone, neritic zone, and oceanic zone. Distance from shore influences how many nutrients are in the water. Why? Most nutrients are washed into ocean water from land. Therefore, water closer to shore tends to have more nutrients. Living things need nutrients. So distance from shore also influences how many organisms live in the water. In addition to the amount of salts, other conditions in ocean water vary from place to place. One is the amount of nutrients in the water. Another is the amount of sunlight that reaches the water. These conditions depend mainly on two factors: distance from shore and depth of water. Oceans are divided into zones (Figure below) based on these two factors. The ocean floor makes up another zone.
There exist three main ocean zones as said by distance from shore . they're the intertidal zone,neritic zone,and oceanic zone . Distance from shore influences how many nutrients are in the water . Why ? Most nutrients are washed into ocean water from land . because,water closer to shore tends to have more nutrients . Living things need nutrients . So distance from shore also influences how many organisms live in the water . apart from the number of salts,other conditions in ocean water vary from place to place . One is the number of nutrients in the water . a one more is the number of sunlight that arrives the water . These conditions depend largely on two factors : distance from shore and depth of water . Oceans are divided into zones (Figure below) as said by these two factors . The ocean floor makes up an additional zone .
pls help
What part of the brain is the arrow pointing to in the diagram below?
Pituitary gland
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
of the following, which phenotype would most likely be observed in mutants of e. coli lacking a key enzyme in the ed pathway? choose one: a. loss of ability to grow anaerobically b. inability to form biofilms c. lack of flagellar motility d. increased virulence e. reduced ability to colonize the mammalian gut
Phenotype would most likely be observed in mutants of e. coli lacking a key enzyme in the ed pathway is option b inability to form biofilms
The term "biofilm" describes the intricate, sessile colonies of bacteria that are either firmly embedded in an extracellular matrix or adhering to a surface.
An extracellular polymeric material matrix surrounds an assembly of surface-associated microbial cells that is known as a biofilm. Van Leeuwenhoek is credited with discovering microbial biofilms after he discovered bacteria on tooth surfaces using his crude microscopes. Heukelekian and Heller discovered the "bottle effect" for marine microorganisms, which states that the presence of a surface on which these organisms may cling significantly increased bacterial activity and growth. Zobell noticed that there were noticeably more bacteria on surfaces than there were in the surrounding environment (in this case, seawater). The electron microscope, which enables high-resolution photomicroscopy at far higher magnifications than the light microscope, would be necessary for a thorough analysis of biofilms
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Answer:
Explanation:
Option(A) reduced ability to colonize the mammalian gut is the correct answer.
E. coli uses the ED route to break down sugar acids present in the mucus of mammalian guts.
What does "ED pathway" refer to?
Pathway of Entner-Doudoroff
The metabolic process known as the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) Pathway is particularly significant in Gram-negative bacteria, some Gram-positive bacteria, and archaea.
In the ED pathway, glucose serves as the substrate, and pyruvate is produced because of a series of chemical events with the help of enzymes.
What role does the ED pathway play?
In the breakdown of gluconate (Gnt), the ED pathway enzymes Edd and Eda play important roles.
Numerous microbes can use gnt, a sugar acid present in the intestinal environment, as a source of energy.
the bacterium E. gnt is used by coli via the ED route.
What accomplishes the ED pathway?
The EMP pathway's initial steps, which include fructose derivatives, can be avoided by using the ED pathway, which offers a glycolytic shortcut.
Another glycolytic route that skips the transition from G-6-P to fructose-6-phosphate begins with the ED intermediate gluconate-6-P.
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during photosynthesis, light energy is converted into energy stored in _____ in molecules
Answer: Chloroplasts
Trans fats are made by a process of adding hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated fatty acid, making them more saturated. What is this process called?.
The process of hydrogenation, which increases an unsaturated fatty acid's saturation by adding hydrogen atoms, produces trans fats.
What is an unsaturated fatty acid example?Alpha-linolenic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid are a few examples of unsaturated fats.
What components make up an unsaturated fatty acid?Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), which are divided into monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, are long-chain hydrocarbons with at least one double covalent bond and an end in a carboxyl group (-COOH). Both of these types of UFAs provide significant health benefits for people.
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in order for molecule x to cross the plasma membrane of a cell, it must first bind to an integral membrane protein. the binding of molecule x to the integral membrane protein immediately causes a conformational change to the integral membrane protein, which exposes molecule x to the other side of the membrane where it is then released. what is this an example of? neutral transport active transport passive transport
This is an example of passive transport ( Facilitated Diffusion).
A type of membrane transport called passive transport moves materials across cell membranes without the use of energy. Active transport uses cellular energy to transfer materials across cell membranes, whereas passive transport uses the second law of thermodynamics.
A form of passive transport is facilitated transport. In contrast to simple diffusion, when substances flow across a membrane without the aid of membrane proteins, substances diffuse over the plasma membrane in aided transport, also known as facilitated diffusion.
Permeases are membrane transport proteins that bind to many substrates, including galactose, fructose, and glucose, for example. This binding causes the transmembrane permease domains to alter conformation, enabling passive transport of the substrate across the membrane.
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