The process of photosynthesis is commonly written as:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
The light-dependent and light-independent reactions are the two steps. The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membrane, whereas the dark reactions are located in the chloroplast stroma.
In higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, a membrane protein supercomplex called photosystem II (PSII) carries out the first step of photosynthesis. To accelerate a transmembrane charge separation, it absorbs sunlight.
To begin photosynthesis, a photon interacts with photosystem II's antenna pigments. The hydrogen ions are pumped into the interior of the thylakoid by the electron transport chain after the energy passes through the reaction center, which contains chlorophyll a. A significant ion concentration is created by this action.
During photosynthesis, it is the conversion of ADP to ATP utilizing solar energy. In the mitochondria of a cell, the process of cellular respiration also results in the formation of ATP.
Chloroplasts include ferredoxin (Fd), an enzyme that facilitates electron transport and has an iron-sulfur cluster. When being oxidized or reduced, its iron atoms accept or release electrons, which is how it participates in the photosynthesis process.
Hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, and electrons are separated from water. Within the thylakoid lumen, oxygen and protons created by the splitting of water are discharged.
Cyclic photophosphorylation, is described as the production of ATP related to electron transport that is only activated by Photosystem I (700 nm). The particular Photosystem II inhibitors CMU, DCMU, and orthophenanthroline have no impact on this process.
The enzyme that produces ATP via chemiosmosis is called ATP synthase. It permits protons to cross the membrane and generates ATP by phosphorylating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with the free energy difference. In addition to mitochondria and chloroplasts, most bacteria and archaea also produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
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One way to tell the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions is that _____________. options cells in hypertonic solutions will shrink as water moves out cells in hypertonic solutions will move faster as water pushes outward cells in hypotonic solutions will swell as water moves into the cell both a and c
One way to tell the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions is that both a and c.
In the field of science, a hypotonic solution can be described as a solution in which there will be less solute inside the cell as compared to the outside. Hence, water will move into the cell in a hypotonic solution causing it to swell.
On the other hand, a hypertonic solution can be described as a solution in which there is more water inside a cell as compared to outside of a cell. As a result, water will move out of a cell in a hypertonic solution and hence the cell will shrink.
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after two weeks, the scientists measured the increase in body fat in the mice. they also determined the amount of energy (in kcal/g) in the feces of both groups -- that is, the energy in the food molecules that was not extracted or absorbed by the mice. what experimental results would support the scientists' hypothesis? label the bars on the graphs to match the results predicted by the hypothesis.
Body fat of the lean germ-free mice that received microbes from genetically obese mice increases and their feces contains less energy food will support the scientists' hypothesis.
Since the researchers are determining whether or not microorganisms in the gut community are responsible for obtaining energy from meals, supplying additional calories to the host, and encouraging the development of greater fat deposits, they used obese mice.
Less body fat and more energy food in the feces of the lean germ-free mice that received microbes from genetically lean mice support their claim; that genetics may be a reason while the microbes in the obese mice absorb food, extract energy, and deposit fat in their host. An increase in body fat in the lean germ-free group that received microbes from the genetically obese donors will prove their claim.
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both parents are heterozygous for tay-sachs disease (an autosomal recessive disorder). three children in a row were born with tay-sachs disease. what is the chance that a fourth child will have tay-sachs disease? group of answer choices 25% 0% 50% 75% 100%
The correct answer is 25%. We shall use "T" to denote the dominant normal (non-TS) allele and "t" to denote the recessive (TS) allele.
The genotype "Tt" indicates that both parents are heterozygous, which means they each have one dominant allele and one recessive allele, making them both carriers for the condition. According to reports, three of their kids have Tay-Sachs. Only 25% of the time will a kid from a cross between these parents be homozygous recessive "tt". Every pregnancy will continue to have the same chance of success. There is still a 25% possibility that another child will also have Tay-Sachs if the parents have 10 Tay-Sachs-affected children.
A rare genetic disease called Tay-Sachs is passed from father to son. It is caused by a lack of an enzyme that helps break down fatty compounds. These fatty compounds, known as gangliosides, build up in the brain and mix to dangerous levels, affecting nerve cell function. In the first three to six months of life, Tay-Sachs babies often develop as expected. They eventually lose the ability to see, hear and move between a few months and a few years. Most people start having seizures by age 2. Unfortunately, children with this disease usually do not survive 5 years.
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Which sentence is the best example of a living thing responding to its environment?
Answer: B
Explanation:
I just did the test and it’s B
Which cell type is only located in two layers of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum?.
The cell type which is only located in the two layers of the epidermis include the stratum spinosum. Stratum spinosum include a 8-10 layers of cells.
What is Epidermis layer of skin?Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin on body. Epidermis protects the body from harm, keeps the body hydrated, produces new skin cells and also contains melanin, which determines the color of the skin. It consists mostly of the keratinocytes, however it also consists of Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells resting on the supporting dermis which contains the nerve and vascular networks, which nourish the epidermis layer of the skin.
Stratum spinosum is made up of 8-10 cell layers, which contains irregular, polyhedral cells through the cytoplasmic processes, sometimes called as spines, which extend outward and contact the neighboring cells by desmosomes. Dendritic cells can be found in this layer of cells.
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fitness is a measure of reproductive success. if an individual with genotype (bb) produces 6 offspring, and a heterozygous individual (bb) produces 10 offspring, and a third individual with genotype (bb) produces 5 offspring, what is the fitness value for the individual with (bb) genotype?
Reproductive success is measured by physical fitness.Natural selection can affect polygenic traits or qualities determined by different alleles of a single gene.
Is fitness is a measure of reproductive success?
Natural genetic variations among members of the same species are referred to as genetic variation.A population can adapt and survive in the face of shifting environmental conditions thanks to this variety. The fitnesses are just each survival rate divided by the highest survival rate if only survival rates vary and reproduction rates are all identical.Fitness is equal to each reproductive rate divided by the highest reproductive rate if only the reproductive rates vary and the survival rates are all identical. The type of variant present at a specific locus (i.e., region) in the genome is scored by what is known as a genotype.Symbols can be used to symbolize it.For illustration, BB, Bb, and bb could be used to denote a certain gene variant. Even though we are thinking about how selection affects genotypes, we can still compute an allele's average fitness (also known as the marginal fitness) by dividing the likelihood that an allele would occur in a certain genotype by its fitness. The quantity of viable progeny that an organism produces is the best indicator of its fitness.Fitness is a key indicator of reproductive success since it leads to more children, who in turn add more genes to the gene pool for the following generation.Typically, subjects like evolutionary biology will utilize this word. If a dolphin generally gives birth to three young during her lifetime and gives birth to four, she has a greater relative fitness.The absolute fitness of the organism is divided by the typical number of offspring in a population to determine relative fitness.To learn more about reproductive refer
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An object displaces 7.1 ml of water. If the mass of the
object is 4 grams, what is the density?
Answer: D = 0.56 g/ml
Explanation:
We can use the density equation for this one.
D = m / v
We are given Mass (m) and Volume (v).
D = 4g / 7.1 ml
D = 0.56 g/ml
How would you describe what a shale with ammonite looks like?
Answer: The color-producing shell layer of Ammolite is usually very thin (often less than one millimeter) and attached to a dark gray to brown base of shale or siderite. Exceptional pieces can be cut into gems without stabilization.
Explanation:
The color-producing shell layer of Ammolite is usually very thin (often less than one millimeter) and attached to a dark gray to brown base of shale or siderite. Exceptional pieces can be cut into gems without stabilization.
Ammolite triplet
Most Ammolite is used to produce triplets. These are made by backing the fragile iridescent material with a thin slab for stability and topping it with a transparent cover for protection.
Clear quartz or spinel can be used for the transparent cover. Black shale or another material can be used for the backing. Some Ammolite is made into doublets, which only requires adding a backing or transparent cover as needed. Many stones are impregnated with epoxy for stability.
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______ is a specialized type of cell division that produces cells that are genetically different from each other.
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that produces cells that are genetically different from each other.
Cell division is the process through which all cells are created from other cells. Meiosis is a specific type of cell division that generates reproductive cells like sperm and egg cells as well as plant and fungus spores. A "parent" cell generally divides into two or more "daughter" cells during this process. The parent cell can transmit its genetic material in this manner from generation to generation.
Meiosis is a specific type of cell division that takes place in sexually reproducing organisms. It generates reproductive cells like sperm, egg, and spores in plants and fungi, as was previously indicated. In humans, germ cells go through a process called meiosis to develop into sperm or eggs.
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. in mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions a. are the source of energy driving prokaryotic atp synthesis. b. are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. c. provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. d. reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. e. use atp to pump h out of the mitochondrion.
Option c In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions provide the energy to establish the proton gradient
Phoimage illustrative of mitochondria Cell organelles called mitochondria, which are membrane-bound, generate the majority of the chemical energy needed to power a cell's metabolic processes (plural: mitochondrion).Adenosine triphosphate is a little molecule that stores the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP). By using the energy created during the oxidation of the food we eat, oxidative phosphorylation—the traditional function of mitochondria—generates ATP. Most biochemical and physiological processes, including growth, mobility, and equilibrium, all require ATP as their principal energy source. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that transform food energy into a form that cells can utilise. The fluid around the nucleus of each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria (the cytoplasm).
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Which of the following is always represented by a chemical formula?
elements ions compounds mixture
What do we call the specialized neurons in the occipital lobe’s visual cortex that respond to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements?.
We call specialized neurons in the occipital lobe’s visual cortex that respond to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements "feature detectors".
What are feature detectors?
Feature detectors are neurons present in the central nervous system, more specifically the brain. They efficiently receive visual information and respond to specific features, such as lines, edges, angles, movement, etc.
What makes these neurons special is the way they help the body respond to some type of visual stimulus that has unique characteristics.
In summary, feature detectors made it possible for humans to identify the shape of an object. A football goal keeper, for example, can easily identify a fast moving round ball and predict the angle to fly so as to complete a save. Identifying that round ball and the angle it is coming at is the function of feature detectors.
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Which of the following is NOT a similarity between scanning electron microscopes and
transmission electron microscopes?
A. The medium is a vacuum.
B. The lenses are electrostatic.
C. The image is three-dimensional.
D. The magnification is electrical.
The image is three-dimensional which is produced by scanning electron microscopes this is not similarity between scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes
What is scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes ?Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) are types of microscopes that provide an image that is greatly enlarged while viewing specimens using an electron particle beam. TEMs have a 2 million-fold magnification capacity.
A focussed stream of electrons is projected and scanned over a surface by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to produce a picture. The interaction between the beam's electrons and the sample results in a variety of signals that can be used to learn more about the surface's topography and composition.Compared to the SEM, the TEM has a resolution that is higher ( 0.2 nm), and HR-TEM can even achieve near-atomic resolution. Furthermore, TEM offers details on both elemental and complex structure (i.e., crystal structure, elemental information and morphology)Learn more about Microscopes here:
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chloroplasts move protons from to build a proton gradient group of answer choices the stroma to the cytosol. the intermembrane space to the matrix. the matrix to the stroma. the stroma to the inner thylakoid space. the inner thylakoid space to the stroma.
Chloroplast moves protons from the stroma to the inner Thylakoid space to build a proton gradient.
The chloroplast function is fundamentally dependent on proton gradients. The light-induced -proton gradient is necessary for ATP synthesis across thylakoid membranes.
In the chloroplast stroma, plant photosynthesis generates reduced power. Protons are transported from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen during this process, resulting in the transmission of a proton motive force (pmf) across the thylakoid membrane.
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many physical systems, tissues, and cells become more susceptible to injury and disease with advanced age. this increased susceptibility, or normal alterations over time in the body and its organ systems, is known as
With advancing age, numerous physical systems, tissues, and cells become more prone to damage and illness. Ageing is the term used to describe these gradual changes in the body's organ systems and increased sensitivity.
Why does aging make humans more prone to illness?The immune system could experience the following changes: The immune system's reaction time slows down. This makes becoming sick more likely.
How does tissue development alter as we get older?Waste materials accumulate in tissue as we age. Many tissues accumulate lipofuscin, a fatty brown pigment, along with other fatty compounds. With aging, connective tissue becomes more rigid.. As a result, the airways, blood vessels, and organs get rigid.
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What kind of mathematical relationship seems to exist between the length of the ulna and the height of an individual?
(Pearson's correlation )interpreted a very high significant (P < 0.001) relation between the length of the ulna and the height. The regression equation was derived to estimate the height of an individual from the length of the ulna in males and females.
The kind of mathematical relationship that seems to exist between the length of the ulna and the height of an individual is Pearson's correlation.
What is Pearson's correlation?The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is the most commonly used metric for determining a linear relationship. It is a number ranging from -1 to 1 that indicates the strength and direction of a link between two variables. When one variable shifts, the other shifts in the same way.
Pearson's correlation revealed a highly significant relationship between ulna length and height. The regression equation was developed to estimate an individual's height from the length of the ulna in males and females.
Therefore, the mathematical relationship that exists is Pearson's correlation.
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Laws change, constitutions get amended, and they do so because changes take place
in society that harbor that necessary change. If you could make a change in West
Virginia, in an Essay giving detail, what change would it be and why?
If I could make a change in West Virginia, the law will be in regards of arms possession by civilians.
Total Ban on arms possession by civilians in West Virginia.West Virginia is known to be a state that gives room for open carry without a permit. If a person is at least 18 years old and has a legal right to possess a handgun under state and federal law, they are permitted to carry a firearm openly without a license. There are some places that are off-limits, such courts and schools.
It is a society that recognizes the right to carry a concealed weapon within the state without first acquiring a concealed handgun license. This law may seems okay for some people, but its negative implications outweigh its advantages.
With the high rise in gun violence, there is therefore the need to amend this law. The Second Amendment does not protect concealed carry of arms, according to opponents of the practice, who also contend that police personnel with the appropriate training should be in charge of ensuring the protection of the public.
Therefore, i believe a total ban should me place on civilians carrying fire arms so as to protect the people from harm.
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the floodplain on either side of a river is a volatile environment subject to frequent flooding. would you expect plants that were r or k strategists to be dominant in the plant community, and why?
Answer: R -Strategists
Explanation: R-Strategists are better suited for rapidly changing environmental conditions.
I need help important test
i need the answers asap
Answer:
Pretty sure the answer is D
Explanation:
Which brand of ketchup tastes the best?
A. Scientific.
B. Non-scientific.
Answer: I'd say Heinz
Explanation:
One of the most popular brands of the ketchup world is Heinz, which is also said to be the best-tasting store-bought ketchup brand.
Many people have stated that Heinz has the best overall appearance, texture, and flavor that most people want in tomato ketchup.
Heinz ketchup features a thick and glossy texture, making Heinz ketchup perfect for dips and dolloping over food.
Moreover, Heinz ketchup has an ideal balance of tomato, sweet, and tangy flavors, which has made Heinz ketchup the top-selling ketchup brand.
Additionally, Heinz has created several ketchup products in its time, such as organic ketchup, no sugar added ketchup, and more.
Sometimes, Heinz got into making unique-looking ketchup such as purple ketchup, Chicago dog sauce, etc., but these variations did not stay in the market for long.
Answer: non-scientific but it would be more of an opinion than anything
Explanation:
Read pls I need answers
2. Sedimentary rocks can exhibit some similar
characteristics as a result of the processes
that formed them. Which pair of effects
would be most likely to allow for the
formation of similar sedimentary rocks?
A. the effects of particle size and energy
B. the effects of constant motion and weathering
C. the effects of hot surface interaction and
weathering
D. the effects of precipitation and a uniform
particle size
The correct answer is option A. the effects of particle size and energy
What is sedimentary rocks?
In contrast to metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are generated deep beneath the Earth, sedimentary rocks are formed on or around the surface of the planet. Weathering, dissolution, precipitation, and lithification in the earth's crust are the primary causes of the creation of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are constructed from pre-existing rocks or remains of extinct creatures. They emerge from deposits that amass on the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks can have recognizable stratification or bedding. Many of the picturesque vistas of the desert southwest contain mesas and arches made of layered sedimentary rock.
By weathering preexisting rocks, transporting the weathering byproducts, and depositing them, sedimentary rocks are created. When rocks at the Earth's surface are exposed to the atmosphere (mostly in the form of rainfall) and the hydrosphere, numerous processes of physical disintegration and chemical degradation take place. These activities result in the formation of soil, unconsolidated rock debris, and substances dissolved in runoff and groundwater. The process of erosion involves moving weathering products from the weathering site, either as solid material or as dissolved components, to finally be deposited as sediment. Sediment is any unconsolidated accumulation of solid, weathered material.
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what do single cells or cells have that are similar to role that organs play in the human body?
Cells give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, transform those nutrients into energy, and perform specific tasks. They produce copies of themselves and include DNA, the body's genetic material. The simplest functional unit of the human body is the cell.
How do cells work?The fundamental units of all living things are cells. There are many billions of cells in a human body. They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks.All of these plants and animals, including trees in a forest, fish in a river, horseflies on a farm, lemurs in the jungle, reeds in a pond, and worms in the soil, are comprised of the building blocks known as cells. Many living organisms are made up of countless cells cooperating with one another, similar to these examples.They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Additionally, cells have the ability to replicate themselves and contain the body's genetic material.To learn more about Cells refer to:
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Are oranges more acidic or alkaline? How do you know?
Help me with number 3!!!!!!!!!!!! Please
Answer: (D)
Explanation: All planets have circular orbits around the Sun. Comets have elliptical orbit.
Meat tenderizers are sometimes used as a home remedy for treating stings inflicted by the portuguese Man-of-war. Based on this information, to what class of organic compounds do you su[ppose the toxins relesed by the man of war belongs?
The class of organic compounds in which the toxins released by the man of war belongs to is referred to as protein.
What is a Protein?This is referred to as a biomolecule which is responsible for the growth and the repair of wornout tissues present in the body of organisms. Protein also form part of the bodily fluids such as enzymes, etc.
Papain is referred to as a proteolytic enzyme which is extracted from pawpaw. Since it is an enzyme then we can deduce that it is a protein which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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the vo2max provides a quantitative measure of a person's capacity for . . . group of answer choices anaerobic glycolysis aerobic atp resynthesis maximum lactate production none of the above
The correct answer is Aerobic ATP resynthesis.
What is vo2max ?
vo2max is the measurement of maximum amount of oxygen our body uses during exercises. Here, v represents volume, o2 is oxygen and max represents maximum.
What is Aerobic ATP resynythesis ?
It is the process of converting energy into Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) by using oxygen present in blood. It occurs in mitochondria.
Therefore, vo2max provides a quantitative measure of a person's capacity for Aerobic ATP resynythesis.
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Acid-Base Balance Cases pH = 7.50 CO2 = 47 HCO3- = 32 Is it acidosis, alkalosis or neither? Is the problem respiratory or metabolic in nature? Metabolic in nature. Is there any compensation occurring? Has the body tried to fix the problem?
answer and explanation
this question required us to interpret the atrial blood gas data provided.
from the information provided, this case is a case of alkalosis because the pH reading is 7.50. pH values less that 7.35 indicate acidosis and pH levels greater that 7.45 indicate a case of alkalosis.
this is a metabolic alkalosis because the HCO3 value is greater than 22 and it is fully compensated because of the high CO2
(20!!!!!)Select the type of inheritance pattern that is best described below:
When graphed, the number of individuals of various heights forms a bell-shaped curve.
a
Pleiotropy
b
Polygenic Inheritance
c
Multiple Alleles
d
Codominance
e
Incomplete Dominance
Answer:
Polygenic Inheritance tend to result in a distribution that resembles a bell-shaped curve, with few at the extremes and most in the middle.
0.researchers have identified a specific gene, called , that is thought to be responsible for sharply increasing children's risk for obesity. a.obe b.fto c.oto d.fta
FTO is the gene responsible for causing obesity in child .
obesity can be caused by many lifestyle issues like little activity and eating high mount of calories food and drinks . But this disease is also related to genetic and hormonal factors that might play an important role . many Studies have concluded that the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) genotype is associated with individual instability in weight loss with response to diet lifestyle interventions, but results are inconsistent.
Fto is mostly downregulated during fasting and upregulated during feeding, and that variation in Fto resulting in decreased expression or activity might provide a signal that promotes feeding and obesity.
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